Table 4 Expression of cell cycle genes in breast cancers.

Symbol

ID

Fold

Description

BIRC5

Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 5, antiapoptotic cell cycle regulator, expression in many cancers is associated with poor prognosis and mediates cancer cell resistance to taxol and radiation; rat Birc5 is upregulated in response to acute pancreatitis

BRCA2

Breast cancer 2 early onset, a transcription coactivator that binds to RAD51 and TP53, regulates cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and DNA repair; mutations in the corresponding gene are associated with Fanconi anemia and multiple cancers

CCNA2

Cyclin A2, a cyclin-dependent protein kinase regulator, promotes G2/M transition, progression through cell cycle, cell proliferation, and phosphorylation of proteins; upregulated in male germ cell tumors and testicular tumors

CCNB1

Cyclin B1, complexes with CDC2 to promote nuclear membrane and Golgi disassembly, chromosome condensation, and microtubule reorganization, aberrant expression is associated with multiple neoplasms, increased expression correlates with Alzheimer disease

CCNB2

Cyclin B2, a CDC2 kinase-associated cyclin that is involved in Golgi apparatus disassembly, may function in p53 (TP53)-mediated cell cycle arrest at the G2/M transition, may mediate cell cycle arrest and is overexpressed in nonendometrioid carcinomas

CCNE1

Cyclin E1, a CDK and histone deacetylase regulator, regulates mitotic G1-S phase transition and promotes cell proliferation, involved in peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation and aging, aberrant mRNA and protein expression is associated with several cancers

CCNE2

Cyclin E2, a cyclin-dependent protein kinase regulator that binds CDK2 and CDK3, regulates cell cycle checkpoint; mRNA upregulation correlates with breast and lung cancer, mouse Ccne2 is overexpressed in TPA-induced carcinomas and fore stomach cancers

CDC2

Cell division cycle control protein 2, a cyclin-dependent protein kinase that acts in DNA damage checkpoint, inhibits apoptosis and EGFR signaling, expression is increased in Alzheimer disease, viremia associated with HIV infection, and various cancers

CDC20

Cell division cycle 20, a mitotic checkpoint protein and transcriptional repressor, activates the mitotically phosphorylated form of the anaphase promoting complex as well as the mitotic spindle checkpoint, overexpressed in gastric cancer

CDC25A

Cell division cycle 25A, protein tyrosine-threonine phosphatase, regulates G1-S and G2-M phase transitions, functions in apoptosis and oxidative stress response, activity increases in Alzheimer's disease neurons, overexpressed in many cancers

CDC45L

Cell division cycle 45 like, associates with ORC2L, MCM7, and POLA2, predicted to be involved in the initiation of DNA replication; corresponding gene is located in a chromosomal region frequently deleted in DiGeorge syndrome

CDC6

Cell division cycle 6, involved in DNA replication initiation, may regulate DNA licensing, pre-replicative complex formation and cell proliferation, upregulated in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer, downregulated in prostate cancer

CDKN2A

Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, interacts with CDK4 and CDK6, involved in aging, anoikis, and cell cycle arrest, regulates transcription factor activity and cell proliferation, aberrantly expressed in psoriasis and several types of cancer

CHEK1

Checkpoint homolog 1 (S. pombe), protein kinase, required for mitotic G2 checkpoint in response to radition-induced DNA damage, inhibits mitotic entry after DNA damage via mechanism involving CDC25, alternative form is associated with lung cancer

CKS1B

CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B, essential for SKP2-mediated ubiquitination of CDKN1A and CDKN1B, regulate cell cycle progression, aberrant protein expression is associated with several cancers

CKS2

CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 2, a protein that binds p34 CDC2 and may regulate cell cycle progression, upregulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines

E2F1

E2F transcription factor 1, inhibits cell proliferation, aberrant expression correlates with several neoplasms and Alzheimer disease associated with Down syndrome; knockout of mouse E2f1 is associated with early onset of diabetes and Sjogren's syndrome

GTSE1

G-2 and S-phase expressed 1, a cell cycle-regulated and microtubule-associated protein that acts in nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of p53 (TP53), may play a role in DNA-damage induced apoptosis through regulation of p53 function during S and G(2) phases

KPNA2

Karyopherin alpha 2, an NLS binding protein that acts in the nuclear transport of proteins and may play a role in V(D)J recombination, upregulated in breast cancer; human KPNA2 gene map position correlates with fetal growth retardation

MAD2L1

MAD2 mitotic arrest deficient-like 1 (yeast), mitotic spindle checkpoint complex component, inhibits anaphase-promoting complex activation, binds MAD1L1, altered expression is linked to several cancers and adult T-cell leukemia

MCM2

Mini chromosome maintenance deficient 2, binds chromatin, regulates the onset of DNA replication, inhibits the helicase activity of the MCM 4,6,7 complex, expression is altered and is prognostic in a number of cancers

MCM4

Minichromosome maintenance deficient 4, forms a single stranded ATP-dependent DNA helicase with MCM6 and MCM7, may monitor sites of unreplicated DNA, displacement from replicated chromatin may ensure that DNA is only replicated once per cell cycle

MCM5

Mini chromosome maintenance deficient 5, transcriptional coactivator that interacts with STAT1, enhances IFNG -induced and STAT1 -dependent transactivation, localizes to unreplicated chromatin, upregulated in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

MCM6

MCM6 minichromosome maintenance deficient 6, a component of the heterohexameric MCM complex that has ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity, acts in DNA replication initiation, upregulated in mantle cell lymphoma

MKI67

Ki-67 antigen, induces chromatin compaction, acts in cell proliferation, expression is altered in neoplasms including osteosarcoma and prostate, breast and esophageal cancer; gene is mutated in cervical, colon and lung carcinoma cell lines

RAD51

RAD51 homolog, a DNA binding ATPase that acts in apoptosis, cell proliferation, p53-mediated DNA damage response, and double-strand break repair via homologous recombination, aberrant expression correlates with bloom syndrome and several neoplasms