Table 1 Phenotypic characteristics and heritability estimates of the MetS cohort

Body Composition

Weight, kg

97.73 ± 26.30

90.28 ± 25.92

0.40±0.10

Height, cm

176.34 ± 6.97

163.46 ± 6.95

0.69±0.07

BMI, kg/m₂

31.45 ± 8.40

33.95 ± 10.19

0.43±0.09

Waist circumference (WC), cm

102.12 ± 18.34

97.77 ± 20.16

0.33±0.09

Hip circumference (HC), cm

109.44 ± 16.52

117.95 ± 20.40

0.43±0.10

Waist to Hip ratio (WHR)

0.93 ± 0.08

0.83 ± 0.09

0.23±0.09

Total Fat Mass (Fatkg), kg

28.49 ± 13.81

38.01 ± 14.68

0.41±0.11

Total Fat Mass (Fatpct),%

29.78 ± 9.02

43.94 ± 7.79

0.39±0.10

Total Lean Mass (Leankg), kg

62.53 ± 8.23

45.81 ± 8.44

0.55±0.09

Total Lean Mass (Leanpct), %

74.29 ± 39.60

57.74 ± 28.07

0.38±0.10

Subcutaneous Fat (SubQF), g

72.61 ± 44.52

93.54 ± 48.94

0.57±0.10

Visceral Fat (VF), g

57.32 ± 30.54

42.86 ± 29.17

0.34±0.10

Total Abdominal Fat (TAF), g

128.96 ± 66.28

136.82 ± 69.39

0.54±0.10

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

0.83 ± 0.09

0.83 ± 0.08

0.30±0.09

Resting Energy Expenditure (REE), kcal/24 hrs

1931.18 ± 327.99

1620.70 ± 292.96

0.34±0.10

REE/weight, kcal/24hrs/kg

20.17 ± 3.64

18.62 ± 3.21

0.37±0.11

REE/Lean mass (REE/lean), kcal/24hrs/kg

30.37 ± 3.83

35.18 ± 4.28

0.36±0.11

Glucose and Insulin Responsiveness

Fasting Glucose (FG), mg/dl

88.53 ± 30.35

87.14 ± 30.83

0.51±0.09

Fasting Insulin (FI),μU/ml

15.96 ± 12.90

19.24 ± 24.53

0.38±0.08

Insulin/glucose (IGR)

0.27 ± 0.76

0.29 ± 0.93

0.35±0.08

Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)

3.52 ± 3.04

4.63 ± 9.92

0.38±0.08

Insulin Sensitivity (SI), (× 10^-4/min/μU/ml)

3.32 ± 2.94

2.86 ± 2.79

0.20±0.10

Glucose Effectiveness (SG), min^-1

0.02 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.02

0.12±0.10

Acute Insulin Response to glucose (AIR_G), μU/ml × 10min

537.09 ± 477.19

416.81 ± 338.89

0.12±0.08

Disposition Index (DI), AUC (Insulin_{0-10 min}) × SI

1367.12 ± 1188.95

1054.62 ± 996.43

0.25±0.09

Lipid Homeostasis

Triglycerides (TG), mg/dl

135.40 ± 208.06

106.45 ± 64.89

0.52±0.11

Total cholesterol (TC), mg/dl

193.08 ± 45.75

189.06 ± 40.03

0.29±0.08

LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), mg/dl

131.44 ± 40.55

126.95 ± 36.61

0.33±0.09

Calculated LDL-C (cal. LDL-c), mg/dl

134.83 ± 55.40

126.53 ± 38.97

0.45±0.10

HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c), mg/dl

38.24 ± 12.05

43.65 ± 18.63

0.69±0.08

HMED, nm

8.83 ± 0.31

9.19 ± 0.50

0.40±0.10

LMEDn, nm

27.03 ± 0.70

27.26 ± 0.97

0.46±0.11

LDL_PPD, nm

27.17 ± 0.95

27.99 ± 1.30

0.61±0.10

BMED, nm

27.67 ± 1.09

28.07 ± 1.28

0.42±0.10

Cardiovascular Performance

Systolic Blood Pressure (sBP), mmHg

128.69 ± 15.34

124.90 ± 19.07

0.22±0.09

Diastolic Blood Pressure (dBP), mmHg

78.97 ± 12.18

75.68 ± 10.74

0.22±0.10

Pulse, beats/min

68.59 ± 9.85

72.93 ± 21.31

0.15±0.08

Adipokines and Cytokines

Adiponectin, ng/ml

6.66 ± 3.06

9.47 ± 4.77

0.60±0.09

Leptin, ng/ml

11.07 ± 10.90

25.34 ± 15.19

0.41±0.09

TNF-alpha, pg/ml

4.26 ± 2.67

3.74 ± 2.53

0.38±0.09

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)

0.40 ± 0.95

0.46 ± 0.96

0.23±0.10

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

3.75 ± 8.53

5.42 ± 9.44

0.20±0.09