Table 2 Treatments and diagnostics of some selected personalized (genomic) medicine drugs*
From: The role of epigenetics in personalized medicine: challenges and opportunities
| Sr. No. | Treatment | Genetic test/biomarker | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mivacurium | Cholinesterase gene | Used for anesthesia adjunct, metabolized by plasma cholinesterase |
| 2 | Divalproex | ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC) | Used in bipolar disorder, in patients with urea cycle disorders (UCD); OTC |
| 3 | Trastuzumab, Lapatinib | Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)/neu receptor | Patients with metastatic breast cancer |
| 4 | Warfarin | Cytochrome P450 (CYP2C9) | Used in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), patients with CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9* 3 alleles |
| 5 | Warfarin | VKORC1 | Used in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), single nucleotide polymorphism in VKORC1 gene |
| 6 | Atorvastatin | LDLR | Used in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and heterozygous |
| 7 | Irinotecan | UGTIA1 | Used in colon cancer, homozygous condition for UGTIA1*28 |
| 8 | Cetuximab, Panitumumab | EGFR expression | Used in colon cancer |
| 9 | Carbamazepine | HLA-B*1502 | Used in epilepsy and bipolar disorder |
| 10 | Abacavir | HLA-B*5701 | Used in human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) |
| 11 | Mercaptopurine, thioguanine, azathioprine | Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) test | Used in leukemia |
| 12 | Chloroquine | Glucose 6-dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) test | Used in malaria |
| 13 | Capecitabine | Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity test | Used in multiple cancers |
| 14 | 5-FU | Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity test | Used in skin cancer |
| 15 | Trastuzumab, Lapatinib | Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)/neu receptor | Used in stomach cancer |
| 16 | Imatinib | Platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) gene | Used in myelodysplastic syndrome |
| 17 | Lenalidomide | 5q deletion | Used in myelodysplastic syndrome |
| 18 | Celecoxib | CYP2C9 | Used in pain, patients suspected to be P450 2C9 poor metabolizers |