Fig. 1

The molecular network of BA. a The direct interactions between the genes tagged by common and rare genetic variants are shown by solid lines while indirect interactions by dashed lines. Interactions that are only mediated by interactors are not shown. *Number of protein-coding genes that have interactions in the interactome database that we employed. b The protein network. Plotted by Gephi via the Force Atlas the ‘power-based’ approach (https://gephi.org/). Each node designates a protein encoded by the BA candidate genes (labeled), or an interactor that mediates the connection of two candidates, the edge of the network represent the PPIs. Colors represent the module classes of the nodes that are set to not overlap with each other while the node size is set to be proportional to its centrality in the network. c The core-periphery structure of the network. Left upper panel: at the center of the network the functional modules closely connect and seem to pile upon each other, while at the periphery the connection is sparse; right upper panel: the network of meta-nodes that grouped all the nodes in each module. The size of the meta-node is proportional to its centrality. The major meta-nodes belong at the core of the network and are connected with triangles between each other contrasting with the sparsely located periphery nodes; lower panel: the color column denotes the functional modules, on its left side are the candidate genes of top centralities with BA-CNV encompassed genes underlined, on the right side are the function annotation of each module that was inferred from the shared functionality of its representative genes