Table 4 Comparison of the financing and integration mechanisms of three most common PM programs in SEA
From: Current landscape of personalized medicine adoption and implementation in Southeast Asia
Indicators | Â | Targeted oncology therapy and companion diagnostic | Pharmacogenomics testing | Newborn screening |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Trastuzumab | HLA-B*15:02 | Congenital hypothyroidism | ||
Availability as routine practice | Yes | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand | Singapore (nationwide) Thailand (major hospitals) | Indonesia (10 provinces in 2017) Malaysia Singapore Thailand |
No | – | Malaysia (special request) Indonesia (research) | – | |
Stakeholder that initiated the PM program | Pharmaceutical company | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand | – | – |
Clinicians | – | Singapore Thailand | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand | |
Financing mechanism | Covered in national health program | Indonesia (HER2 testing as OOP expenses) Malaysia Thailand | Thailand (Cap at THB1000) | Indonesia (Limited budget) Malaysia Thailand |
Partial subsidy by the national health programs | Singapore (under Medical Assistance Fund scheme) | Singapore (Up to 75% subsidy) | Singapore (60% subsidy) | |
Monitoring framework | Clinical outcome | Malaysia (in future plan) Thailand | Singapore | – |
Integration in healthcare | Change in local clinical practice guideline | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand | Thailand Singapore | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand |
Availability of CDS in EHR | NR | Singapore Thailand (some hospitals) | NA | |
Presence of healthcare information | Physician | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand | Singapore Thailand | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand |
Patient | Singapore | Thailand | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand |