Fig. 1

Results of type 1 error simulation. Rows represent the proportions of significant genes within the causal pathway (10 and 20%), and columns represent different phenotypic correlation (0.25 and 0.5). For each plot, type 1 errors of PHARAOH-GEE are shown with varying gene-level effects (0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0) and pathway-level effects (0.15, 0.2 and 0.25), and type 1 errors of GEEaSPU are shown with orange bars