Table 3 Sensitivity analyses for robust estimation of the causal association between blood pressure and midlife cognitive function before removing outliers

Estimate (SD)

−0.32 (0.23)

− 0.58 (0.40)

− 0.30 (0.42)

− 0.05 (0.05)

−0.06 (0.08)

0.08 (0.09)

0.19 (0.13)

0.26 (0.24)

0.08 (0.24)

P-value

0.154

0.15

0.462

0.341

0.484

0.352

0.146

0.269

0.731

Estimate (SD)

−0.53 (0.33)

− 0.82 (0.54)

0.19 (0.40)

0.05 (0.07)

−0.12 (0.12)

0.01 (0.09)

0.09 (0.18)

−0.12 (0.30)

−0.21 (0.23)

P-value

0.106

0.133

0.788

0.487

0.318

0.91

0.922

0.702

0.731

Estimate

−0.38

−0.54

−0.44

− 0.03

−0.05

− 0.01

0.17

0.28

0.18

95% CI

(−0.71, − 0.07)

(−1.03, − 0.04)

(−0.93, 0.01)

(− 0.08, 0.04)

(− 0.15, 0.07)

(−0.12, 0.08)

(0.00, 0.33)

(−0.04, 0.56)

(− 0.07, 0.45)

P-value

0.97

0.97

0.96

0.97

0.97

0.96

0.97

0.97

0.96

P-value

0.83

0.49

0.61

0.06

0.09

0.11

0.51

0.49

0.36

Q Statistics

85.93

126.23

91.71

119.19

116.26

113.72

97.76

97.69

101.15

P-value

0.803

0.648

0.633

0.072

0.089

0.118

0.488

0.461

0.366

Estimate (SD)

0.02 (0.14)

0.05 (0.14)

−0.22 (0.11)

−0.05 (0.03)

0.02 (0.03)

−0.03 (0.03)

0.06 (0.08)

0.09 (0.08)

0.13 (0.06)

P-value

0.874

0.74

0.055

0.15

0.453

0.236

0.426

0.259

0.045