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Table 1 FDA approved drugs targeting on upstream signaling of activated transcription factors (TFs)

From: Integrative network analysis identifies potential targets and drugs for ovarian cancer

Drug

Target

Titles of articles related to ovarian cancer treatment

Acetylcysteine

CHUK

N-acetylcysteine potentiates doxorubicin-induced ATM and p53 activation in ovarian cancer cells [24].

Acetylsalicylic acid

TP53, PRKAG1, NFKBIA

Aspirin inhibits growth of ovarian cancer by upregulating caspase-3 and downregulating bcl-2 [25].

Adalimumab

TNF

 

Adenosine triphosphate

ARAF, AKT1

 

Afatinib

ERBB2, EGFR

Afatinib reverses multidrug resistance in ovarian cancer via dually inhibiting ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1 [26].

Aminosalicylic acid

CHUK

 

Amrinone

TNF

 

Apremilast

TNF

 

Arsenic trioxide

MAPK1, MAPK3, AKT1

Arsenic Trioxide inhibits the growth of human ovarian carcinoma cell line [27].

Becaplermin

PDGFRA

 

Bosutinib

MAP2K1, MAP2K2

Ovarian Cancer Stem Cell Markers: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications [28].

Captopril

MMP9

Epithelial ovarian cancer: A feasible plan for adjunctive treatment using simultaneous acyclovir, ambrisentan, captopril, disulfiram, fluvoxamine-augmented ramelteon, icatibant, imiquimod peritoneal lavage, and plerixafor [29].

Carvedilol

HIFA1

Cardiovascular complications of antiangiogenic therapy in ovarian cancer patients [30].

Celecoxib

PDPK1

The effect of celecoxib on tumor growth in ovarian cancer cells and a genetically engineered mouse model of serous ovarian cancer [31].

Certolizumab pegol

TNF

 

Cetuximab

EGFR

Phase II Trial of Cetuximab and Carboplatin in Relapsed Platinum-Sensitive Ovarian Cancer and Evaluation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study [32].

Chloroquine

TNF

Low concentration of chloroquine enhanced efficacy of cisplatin in the treatment of human ovarian cancer dependent on autophagy [33].

Clenbuterol

TNF

 

Cobimetinib

MAP2K1

 

Dabrafenib

RAF1

 

Dasatinib

EPHA2

Activity of the multikinase inhibitor dasatinib against ovarian cancer cells [34].

Epinephrine

TNF

 

Erlotinib

EGFR

Erlotinib or gefitinib for the treatment of relapsed platinum pretreated non-small cell lung cancer and ovarian cancer: a systematic review [35].

Etanercept

TNF

Study of etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor, in recurrent ovarian cancer [36].

Everolimus

MTOR

Effective use of everolimus as salvage chemotherapy for ovarian clear cell carcinoma: a case report [37].

Gefitinib

EGFR

Gefitinib (ZD1839) increases the efficacy of cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells [38].

Glucosamine

TNF, MMP9

 

Golimumab

TNF

 

Imatinib

PDGFRA

Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth through a mechanism dependent on platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and Akt inactivation [39].

Infliximab

TNF

Infliximab, a humanised anti-TNF-a monoclonal antibody, exhibits biological activity in the ovarian tumor microenvironment in patients [40].

Isoprenaline

PIK3R3, PIK3R2, MAPK1

Targeted anti-vascular therapies for ovarian cancer: current evidence [41].

Isopropyl alcohol

TNF

 

Lapatinib

ERBB2, EGFR

A phase II evaluation of lapatinib in the treatment of persistent or recurrent epithelial ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma: a gynecologic oncology group study [32].

Lidocaine

EGFR

Lidocaine inhibits the invasion and migration of TRPV6-expressing cancer cells by TRPV6 downregulation [42].

Lithium

GSK3B

Lithium and inhibition of GSK3β as a potential therapy for serous ovarian cancer [43].

Marimastat

MMP9

Marimastat (BB2516): Current status of development [44].

Mesalazine

CHUK

 

Minocycline

MMP9

Minocycline inhibits malignant ascites of ovarian cancer through targeting multiple signaling pathways [45].

Nadroparin

MYC

 

Necitumumab

EGFR

 

Osimertinib

EGFR

 

Panitumumab

EGFR

Targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges [46].

Pazopanib

PDGFRA

Incorporation of Pazopanib in Maintenance Therapy of Ovarian Cancer [47].

Pegademase bovine

GRB2

 

Pertuzumab

ERBB2

A randomized phase II study evaluating the combination of carboplatin-based chemotherapy with pertuzumab versus carboplatin-based therapy alone in patients with relapsed, platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer [48].

Pimecrolimus

MTOR

Topical pimecrolimus inhibits high-dose UVB irradiation-induced epidermal Langerhans cell migration, via regulation of TNF-a and E-cadherin [49].

Pomalidomide

TNF

 

Ponatinib

PDGFRA

Ponatinib Shows Potent Antitumor Activity in Small Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary Hypercalcemic Type (SCCOHT) through Multikinase Inhibition [50].

Pranlukast

TNF

 

Pseudoephedrine

TNF

 

Regorafenib

EPHA2, RAF1, PDGFRA

301P Interim Analysis of A Single-Arm Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Regorafenib in Patients with Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [51].

Sirolimus

MTOR

Rapamycin by itself and additively in combination with carboplatin inhibits the growth of ovarian cancer cells [52].

Sorafenib

RAF1

Activity of sorafenib in recurrent ovarian cancer and primary peritoneal carcinomatosis: a gynecologic oncology group trial [53].

Sucralfate

EGF

 

Sulfasalazine

CHUK

Sulfasalazine Inhibits IL-2 Expression in Ovarian Cancer Cells [54].

Sulindac

MAKP3

The conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac sulfide arrests ovarian cancer cell growth via the expression of NAG-1/MIC-1/GDF-15 [55].

Sunitinib

PDGFRA

Autophagy Inhibition Enhances Sunitinib Efficacy in Clear Cell Ovarian Carcinoma [56].

Tamoxifen

PRKCZ, ESR1, PRKCI

The efficacy of tamoxifen in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer [57].

Temsirolimus

MTOR

Temsirolimus in women with platinum-refractory/resistant ovarian cancer or advanced/recurrent endometrial carcinoma. A phase II study of the AGO-study group (AGO-GYN8) [58].

Thalidomide

TNF

Thalidomide and lenalidomide for recurrent ovarian cancer: A systematic review of the literature [59].

Trametinib

MAP2K1, MAP2K2

The mTORC1/2 Inhibitor AZD8055 Strengthens the Efficiency of the MEK Inhibitor Trametinib to Reduce the Mcl-1/[Bim and Puma] ratio and to Sensitize Ovarian Carcinoma Cells to ABT-737 [60].

Trastuzumab

ERBB2, EGFR

Trastuzumab Sensitizes Ovarian Cancer Cells to EGFR-targeted Therapeutics [61].

Trastuzumab emtansine

ERBB2

Superior in vitro and in vivo activity of trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) in comparison to trastuzumab, pertuzumab and their combination in epithelial ovarian carcinoma with high HER2/neu expression [62].

Tris

DCN

Synergism from Combinations of tris(benzimidazole) monochloroplatinum(II) Chloride with Capsaicin, Quercetin, Curcumin and Cisplatin in Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines [63].

Vandetanib

EGFR

Vandetanib, designed to inhibit VEGFR2 and EGFR signaling, had no clinical activity as monotherapy for recurrent ovarian cancer and no detectable modulation of VEGFR2 [64].

Vitamin c

EGLN3

The Effect of Intravenous Vitamin C on Cancer- and Chemotherapy-Related Fatigue and Quality of Life [65].