Table 1 Self-reported surveys and questionnaires captured in patients enrolled in GaPO

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

(AUDIT)

The AUDIT is a 10-item, self report screener that assists in identifying excessive drinking and alcohol dependence [24]

Brief Risk Questionnaire©

(BRQ)

The Brief Risk Questionnaire (BRQ) is a 12-item questionnaire that covers aberrant behavior related to medication use. Content of questions include personal and family history of substance abuse, legal issues and street drug use, past treatment, psychiatric history, and medication security [22]

Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale

(C-SSRS)

The C-SSRS is a questionnaire designed to assess suicide risk. We included three questions from the C-SSRS in order to determine whether a respondent was currently suicidal and required intervention. These questions were triggered if a respondent answered positively to the suicidal ideation question on the PHQ-9 survey (described in further detail below) [51]

Opioid Use Disorder Checklist

We adapted the DSM criteria for opioid use disorder to a self-report form in the current study. Patients completed an 14-item questionnaire and items are scored similarly to the interview version of the opioid use disorder checklist

Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence

(FTND)

The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is six-item survey that assesses the intensity of physical dependence on nicotine. Content includes questions about the quantity of cigarettes used per day, compulsion to use, and dependence [23]

First Use Questions

To better understand whether patients obtain opioids for the treatment of pain and via prescription as part of their first exposure, we ask two questions. (1) Was the treatment of pain the first reason you took opioids? (2) When using opioids, did you obtain the opioid as a prescription from a physician?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

(GAD-7)

The Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) is a seven-item self-report measure that can aid in diagnosis and severity determinations of anxiety disorder [25]

Patient Health Questionnaire

(PHQ-9)

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a nine-item diagnostic tool that can assist in making a diagnosis of depression and quantifies depression symptom severity [27]