Characteristics
|
linoleic acid (g)
|
p value
|
p value*
|
ALA (g)
|
---|
T1 (n = 73)
|
T2 (n = 64)
|
T3 (n = 84)
|
T1 (n = 81)
|
T2 (n = 66)
|
---|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
---|
Age (year)
|
37.01
|
10.62
|
35.73
|
8.97
|
34.22
|
8.95
|
0.18
|
0.40
|
36.88
|
9.99
|
35.59
|
9.12
|
Weight (kg)
|
79.87
|
11.65
|
77.07
|
10.65
|
81.39
|
11.09
|
0.07
|
0.36
|
80.01
|
11.73
|
78.76
|
10.18
|
Height (cm)
|
161.33
|
6.58
|
160.82
|
5.67
|
161.52
|
5.67
|
0.76
|
0.24
|
161.41
|
6.76
|
161.51
|
4.97
|
physical activity(METh/wk)
|
885.95
|
845.60
|
934.65
|
1427.46
|
1108.98
|
1000.2
|
0.63
|
0.69
|
721.67
|
735.89
|
1031.72
|
1267.96
|
BMI (kg/\({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\))
|
30.84
|
3.95
|
29.84
|
3.59
|
31.40 b
|
4.04
|
0.05
|
0.59
|
30.74
|
3.72
|
30.37
|
3.75
|
FM (kg)
|
34.41
|
8.61
|
32.50
|
8.29
|
35.97 b
|
9.09
|
0.05
|
0.80
|
34.26
|
8.45
|
33.42
|
7.76
|
body fat (%)
|
42.30
|
5.28
|
41.39
|
5.32
|
43.02
|
5.43
|
0.19
|
0.61
|
42.12
|
5.12
|
41.76
|
5.26
|
FMI (kg/m)
|
13.30
|
3.18
|
12.58
|
3.06
|
13.81
|
3.54
|
0.08
|
0.77
|
13.21
|
3.16
|
12.86
|
2.91
|
Arm circumference (cm)
|
33.91
|
2.66
|
33.62
|
3.27
|
34.78
|
3.47
|
0.33
|
0.53
|
33.86
|
3.09
|
33.71
|
2.56
|
Fat distribution
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
WC (cm)
|
99.14
|
9.49
|
95.67
|
9.05
|
100.10 b
|
9.96
|
0.01
|
0.34
|
99.03
|
9.60
|
97.87
|
9.37
|
HC (cm)
|
103.64
|
13.60
|
104.29
|
6.06
|
106.91
|
6.55
|
0.07
|
0.39
|
104.01
|
13.09
|
105.12
|
6.00
|
NC (cm)
|
36.60
|
2.62
|
36.37
|
2.48
|
38.95
|
3.53
|
0.29
|
0.55
|
36.83
|
2.32
|
36.41
|
2.35
|
WHR (cm)
|
2.18
|
10.65
|
0.91
|
0.05
|
0.93
|
0.05
|
0.35
|
0.33
|
2.06
|
10.11
|
0.92
|
0.05
|
WHtR (cm)
|
0.61
|
0.05
|
0.59
|
0.05
|
0.62
|
0.06
|
0.02
|
0.78
|
0.61
|
0.05
|
0.60
|
0.05
|
Visceral fat level (cm2)
|
16.13
|
3.28
|
15.03
|
3.46
|
16.21 b
|
3.16
|
0.06
|
0.75
|
15.92
|
3.19
|
15.66
|
3.29
|
Right arm fat (kg)
|
2.82
|
1.07
|
2.61
|
1.19
|
3.00
|
1.27
|
0.27
|
0.77
|
2.67
|
1.03
|
2.70
|
0.99
|
Right arm fat (%)
|
295.56
|
111.22
|
278.55
|
118.36
|
317.63
|
130.37
|
0.27
|
0.75
|
284.34
|
110.27
|
285.12
|
99.95
|
Left arm fat (kg)
|
2.85
|
1.09
|
2.64
|
1.18
|
3.03
|
1.27
|
0.27
|
0.83
|
2.70
|
1.04
|
2.72
|
0.97
|
Left arm fat (%)
|
298.57
|
112.94
|
282.04
|
118.55
|
320.57
|
130.32
|
0.29
|
0.78
|
287.55
|
111.78
|
287.03
|
98.85
|
Trunk fat (kg)
|
16.13
|
3.46
|
15.30
|
3.81
|
16.72
|
3.69
|
0.16
|
0.47
|
15.67
|
3.48
|
15.81
|
3.23
|
Trunk fat (%)
|
303.02
|
64.51
|
292.13
|
67.16
|
315.78
|
68.86
|
0.21
|
0.82
|
297.99
|
66.89
|
297.84
|
59.42
|
Right leg fat (kg)
|
5.08
|
1.25
|
4.88
|
1.37
|
5.27
|
1.34
|
0.35
|
0.94
|
4.89
|
1.23
|
5.01
|
1.19
|
Right leg fat (%)
|
209.79
|
51.05
|
205.40
|
56.25
|
219.47
|
55.42
|
0.41
|
0.79
|
204.69
|
52.56
|
207.54
|
48.12
|
Left leg fat (kg)
|
5.04
|
1.23
|
4.85
|
1.35
|
5.23
|
1.32
|
0.36
|
0.95
|
4.85
|
1.21
|
4.98
|
1.18
|
Left leg fat (%)
|
208.36
|
50.43
|
204.11
|
55.64
|
217.91
|
54.44
|
0.42
|
0.79
|
203.21
|
52.10
|
206.40
|
47.65
|
Biochemical parameters
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
FBS (mg/dl)
|
86.31
|
8.23
|
87.70
|
9.93
|
86.85
|
8.93
|
0.82
|
0.69
|
88.70
|
8.46
|
86.19
|
8.30
|
CHOL (mg/dl)
|
175.24
|
32.61
|
178.52
|
28.70
|
174.41
|
32.92
|
0.84
|
0.15
|
178.23
|
32.12
|
175.41
|
28.48
|
TG (mg/dl)
|
110.06
|
65.02
|
119.85
|
63.15
|
115.29
|
55.64
|
0.81
|
0.69
|
119.11
|
67.12
|
124.93
|
65.92
|
HDL-C (mg/dl)
|
47.24
|
10.28
|
47.50
|
9.33
|
47.07
|
8.95
|
0.98
|
0.77
|
47.58
|
10.64
|
45.93
|
7.27
|
LDL-C (mg/dl)
|
94.96
|
21.68
|
97.20
|
19.62
|
97.03
|
24.73
|
0.90
|
0.99
|
99.02
|
21.88
|
97.70
|
21.98
|
LDL/HDL
|
2.07
|
0.57
|
2.09
|
0.48
|
2.13
|
0.64
|
0.92
|
0.74
|
2.15
|
0.57
|
2.16
|
0.57
|
CHOL/HDL
|
3.81
|
0.86
|
3.83
|
0.71
|
3.81 a
|
0.92
|
0.99
|
0.06
|
3.87
|
0.76
|
3.72
|
0.83
|
Insulin (mIU/ml)
|
1.20
|
0.20
|
1.21
|
0.21
|
1.23
|
0.26
|
0.69
|
0.64
|
1.21
|
0.20
|
1.20
|
0.23
|
HOMA IR
|
3.06
|
1.09
|
3.10
|
1.29
|
2.95
|
0.94
|
0.84
|
0.58
|
3.26
|
1.14
|
2.90
|
1.17
|
Characteristics
|
ALA (g)
|
p value
|
p value*
|
EPA and DHA (g)
|
p value
|
p value*
|
---|
T3 (n = 74)
|
T1 (n = 78)
|
T2 (n = 86)
|
T3 (n = 57)
|
---|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
---|
Age (year)
|
34.14
|
9.40
|
0.20
|
0.60
|
36.05
|
9.53
|
36.30
|
10.31
|
33.85
|
8.32
|
0.28
|
0.94
|
Weight (kg)
|
79.97
|
11.71
|
0.76
|
0.99
|
78.76
|
10.75
|
79.56
|
11.36
|
80.89
|
11.79
|
0.56
|
0.43
|
Height (cm)
|
160.85
|
5.91
|
0.75
|
0.39
|
160.48
|
5.50
|
161.88
|
6.43
|
161.37
|
5.84
|
0.32
|
0.99
|
physical activity(METh/wk)
|
1197.83
|
1229.15
|
0.14
|
0.09
|
1016.05
|
1111.52
|
824.10
|
706.16
|
1157.59
|
1431.72
|
0.41
|
0.44
|
BMI (kg/\({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\))
|
31.14
|
4.29
|
0.51
|
0.60
|
30.73
|
3.88
|
30.46
|
3.75
|
31.24
|
4.22
|
0.51
|
0.63
|
FM (kg)
|
35.59
|
9.91
|
0.33
|
0.34
|
34.52
|
8.26
|
34.06
|
9.10
|
34.95
|
9.12
|
0.83
|
0.95
|
body fat (%)
|
43.01
|
5.72
|
0.36
|
0.18
|
42.79
|
5.04
|
41.83
|
5.56
|
42.38
|
5.53
|
0.51
|
0.66
|
FMI (kg/m)
|
13.75
|
3.77
|
0.40
|
0.22
|
13.42
|
3.18
|
13.05
|
3.34
|
13.47
|
3.48
|
0.69
|
0.93
|
Arm circumference (cm)
|
34.78
|
3.68
|
0.22
|
0.23
|
33.86
|
3.07
|
34.21
|
3.39
|
34.42
|
3.18
|
0.74
|
0.51
|
Fat distribution
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
WC (cm)
|
98.48
|
10.16
|
0.77
|
0.55
|
98.16
|
9.61
|
98.77
|
10.06
|
98.55
|
9.35
|
0.92
|
0.40
|
HC (cm)
|
106.21
|
6.85
|
0.36
|
0.44
|
105.29
|
6.10
|
105.36
|
6.59
|
104.33
|
15.30
|
0.79
|
0.67
|
NC (cm)
|
38.87
|
14.16
|
0.37
|
0.39
|
38.86
|
16.10
|
36.92
|
2.51
|
36.90
|
2.22
|
0.52
|
0.61
|
WHR (cm)
|
0.92
|
0.06
|
0.41
|
0.35
|
0.93
|
0.06
|
0.93
|
0.05
|
2.52
|
12.06
|
0.24
|
0.29
|
WHtR (cm)
|
0.61
|
0.06
|
0.66
|
0.48
|
0.61
|
0.05
|
0.61
|
0.05
|
0.61
|
0.05
|
0.98
|
0.78
|
Visceral fat level (cm2)
|
15.91
|
3.50
|
0.87
|
0.25
|
16.05
|
3.05
|
15.62
|
3.51
|
15.89
|
3.40
|
0.71
|
0.94
|
Right arm fat (kg)
|
3.05
|
1.43
|
0.21
|
0.33
|
2.74
|
1.20
|
2.80
|
1.22
|
2.95
|
1.17
|
0.72
|
0.96
|
Right arm fat (%)
|
322.01
|
142.39
|
0.21
|
0.28
|
291.96
|
117.54
|
294.62
|
123.06
|
312.69
|
126.42
|
0.70
|
0.98
|
Left arm fat (kg)
|
3.08
|
1.43
|
0.20
|
0.29
|
2.76
|
1.20
|
2.83
|
1.22
|
2.97
|
1.19
|
0.72
|
0.98
|
Left arm fat (%)
|
325.91
|
142.59
|
0.19
|
0.25
|
294.81
|
116.90
|
297.64
|
123.26
|
316.27
|
128.08
|
0.68
|
0.95
|
Trunk fat (kg)
|
16.70
|
4.13
|
0.33
|
0.29
|
15.70
|
3.46
|
16.10
|
3.91
|
16.51
|
3.65
|
0.62
|
0.87
|
Trunk fat (%)
|
315.54
|
72.66
|
0.33
|
0.18
|
299.59
|
56.26
|
302.46
|
71.41
|
219.25
|
58.90
|
0.63
|
0.77
|
Right leg fat (kg)
|
5.33
|
1.48
|
0.23
|
0.34
|
5.09
|
1.28
|
4.98
|
1.34
|
5.26
|
1.37
|
0.59
|
0.80
|
Right leg fat (%)
|
222.51
|
59.50
|
0.21
|
0.24
|
214.55
|
49.83
|
205.92
|
54.68
|
219.25
|
58.90
|
0.47
|
0.85
|
Left leg fat (kg)
|
5.30
|
1.45
|
0.21
|
0.35
|
5.07
|
1.25
|
4.94
|
1.32
|
5.22
|
1.34
|
0.57
|
0.77
|
Left leg fat (%)
|
220.93
|
58.30
|
0.21
|
0.23
|
213.18
|
48.85
|
204.49
|
54.26
|
217.76
|
57.80
|
0.46
|
0.84
|
Biochemical parameters
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
FBS (mg/dl)
|
86.10
|
9.99
|
0.40
|
0.26
|
86.80
|
8.20
|
87.83
|
9.54
|
85.93
|
9.22
|
0.67
|
0.27
|
CHOL (mg/dl)
|
174.48
|
32.25
|
0.87
|
0.16
|
171.74
|
26.77
|
179.34
|
33.61
|
175.56
|
32.52
|
0.58
|
0.63
|
TG (mg/dl)
|
104.38
|
48.20
|
0.33
|
0.58
|
107.61
|
59.54
|
103.27
|
38.85
|
140.56 a, b
|
78.43
|
0.02
|
0.47
|
HDL-C (mg/dl)
|
48.02
|
9.78
|
0.63
|
0.32
|
46.61
|
10.11
|
49.04
|
9.74
|
45.36
|
7.72
|
0.23
|
0.99
|
LDL-C (mg/dl)
|
93.41
|
22.65
|
0.52
|
0.88
|
92.00
|
19.18
|
100.83
|
22.47
|
95.03
|
23.98
|
0.21
|
0.58
|
LDL/HDL
|
2.00
|
0.56
|
0.39
|
0.16
|
2.06
|
0.61
|
2.11
|
0.57
|
2.12
|
0.52
|
0.91
|
0.69
|
CHOL/HDL
|
3.82
|
0.83
|
0.67
|
0.03
|
3.83
|
0.94
|
3.74
|
0.82
|
3.92
|
0.74
|
0.64
|
0.74
|
Insulin (mIU/ml)
|
1.22
|
0.24
|
0.74
|
0.90
|
1.19
|
0.22
|
1.24
|
0.24
|
1.20
|
0.21
|
0.27
|
0.49
|
HOMA IR
|
2.92
|
0.98
|
0.34
|
0.25
|
2.92
|
0.96
|
3.00
|
1.10
|
3.19
|
\(1\).24
|
0.63
|
0.74
|
- All data are presented as mean and SD
- p value obtained from the ANOVA test
- p value * obtained from ANCOVA test adjusted for age, BMI, energy intake, and physical
activity. P-value < 0.05 were bolded
- ALA alpha-linolenic acid, EPA-DHA eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, BMI body mass index, FM fat mass, FMI fat mass index, WC waist circumference, HC hip circumference, NC neck circumference, WHR weight to hip ratio, WHtR weight to height ratio, FBS fasting blood sugar, CHOL cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HOMA IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
- aSignificant compared to tertile 1
- bSignificance compared to tertile 2