Characteristics | linoleic acid (g) | p value | p value* | ALA (g) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (n = 73) | T2 (n = 64) | T3 (n = 84) | T1 (n = 81) | T2 (n = 66) | ||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
Age (year) | 37.01 | 10.62 | 35.73 | 8.97 | 34.22 | 8.95 | 0.18 | 0.40 | 36.88 | 9.99 | 35.59 | 9.12 |
Weight (kg) | 79.87 | 11.65 | 77.07 | 10.65 | 81.39 | 11.09 | 0.07 | 0.36 | 80.01 | 11.73 | 78.76 | 10.18 |
Height (cm) | 161.33 | 6.58 | 160.82 | 5.67 | 161.52 | 5.67 | 0.76 | 0.24 | 161.41 | 6.76 | 161.51 | 4.97 |
physical activity(METh/wk) | 885.95 | 845.60 | 934.65 | 1427.46 | 1108.98 | 1000.2 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 721.67 | 735.89 | 1031.72 | 1267.96 |
BMI (kg/\({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\)) | 30.84 | 3.95 | 29.84 | 3.59 | 31.40 b | 4.04 | 0.05 | 0.59 | 30.74 | 3.72 | 30.37 | 3.75 |
FM (kg) | 34.41 | 8.61 | 32.50 | 8.29 | 35.97 b | 9.09 | 0.05 | 0.80 | 34.26 | 8.45 | 33.42 | 7.76 |
body fat (%) | 42.30 | 5.28 | 41.39 | 5.32 | 43.02 | 5.43 | 0.19 | 0.61 | 42.12 | 5.12 | 41.76 | 5.26 |
FMI (kg/m) | 13.30 | 3.18 | 12.58 | 3.06 | 13.81 | 3.54 | 0.08 | 0.77 | 13.21 | 3.16 | 12.86 | 2.91 |
Arm circumference (cm) | 33.91 | 2.66 | 33.62 | 3.27 | 34.78 | 3.47 | 0.33 | 0.53 | 33.86 | 3.09 | 33.71 | 2.56 |
Fat distribution | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
WC (cm) | 99.14 | 9.49 | 95.67 | 9.05 | 100.10 b | 9.96 | 0.01 | 0.34 | 99.03 | 9.60 | 97.87 | 9.37 |
HC (cm) | 103.64 | 13.60 | 104.29 | 6.06 | 106.91 | 6.55 | 0.07 | 0.39 | 104.01 | 13.09 | 105.12 | 6.00 |
NC (cm) | 36.60 | 2.62 | 36.37 | 2.48 | 38.95 | 3.53 | 0.29 | 0.55 | 36.83 | 2.32 | 36.41 | 2.35 |
WHR (cm) | 2.18 | 10.65 | 0.91 | 0.05 | 0.93 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 2.06 | 10.11 | 0.92 | 0.05 |
WHtR (cm) | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.59 | 0.05 | 0.62 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.78 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.60 | 0.05 |
Visceral fat level (cm2) | 16.13 | 3.28 | 15.03 | 3.46 | 16.21 b | 3.16 | 0.06 | 0.75 | 15.92 | 3.19 | 15.66 | 3.29 |
Right arm fat (kg) | 2.82 | 1.07 | 2.61 | 1.19 | 3.00 | 1.27 | 0.27 | 0.77 | 2.67 | 1.03 | 2.70 | 0.99 |
Right arm fat (%) | 295.56 | 111.22 | 278.55 | 118.36 | 317.63 | 130.37 | 0.27 | 0.75 | 284.34 | 110.27 | 285.12 | 99.95 |
Left arm fat (kg) | 2.85 | 1.09 | 2.64 | 1.18 | 3.03 | 1.27 | 0.27 | 0.83 | 2.70 | 1.04 | 2.72 | 0.97 |
Left arm fat (%) | 298.57 | 112.94 | 282.04 | 118.55 | 320.57 | 130.32 | 0.29 | 0.78 | 287.55 | 111.78 | 287.03 | 98.85 |
Trunk fat (kg) | 16.13 | 3.46 | 15.30 | 3.81 | 16.72 | 3.69 | 0.16 | 0.47 | 15.67 | 3.48 | 15.81 | 3.23 |
Trunk fat (%) | 303.02 | 64.51 | 292.13 | 67.16 | 315.78 | 68.86 | 0.21 | 0.82 | 297.99 | 66.89 | 297.84 | 59.42 |
Right leg fat (kg) | 5.08 | 1.25 | 4.88 | 1.37 | 5.27 | 1.34 | 0.35 | 0.94 | 4.89 | 1.23 | 5.01 | 1.19 |
Right leg fat (%) | 209.79 | 51.05 | 205.40 | 56.25 | 219.47 | 55.42 | 0.41 | 0.79 | 204.69 | 52.56 | 207.54 | 48.12 |
Left leg fat (kg) | 5.04 | 1.23 | 4.85 | 1.35 | 5.23 | 1.32 | 0.36 | 0.95 | 4.85 | 1.21 | 4.98 | 1.18 |
Left leg fat (%) | 208.36 | 50.43 | 204.11 | 55.64 | 217.91 | 54.44 | 0.42 | 0.79 | 203.21 | 52.10 | 206.40 | 47.65 |
Biochemical parameters | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
FBS (mg/dl) | 86.31 | 8.23 | 87.70 | 9.93 | 86.85 | 8.93 | 0.82 | 0.69 | 88.70 | 8.46 | 86.19 | 8.30 |
CHOL (mg/dl) | 175.24 | 32.61 | 178.52 | 28.70 | 174.41 | 32.92 | 0.84 | 0.15 | 178.23 | 32.12 | 175.41 | 28.48 |
TG (mg/dl) | 110.06 | 65.02 | 119.85 | 63.15 | 115.29 | 55.64 | 0.81 | 0.69 | 119.11 | 67.12 | 124.93 | 65.92 |
HDL-C (mg/dl) | 47.24 | 10.28 | 47.50 | 9.33 | 47.07 | 8.95 | 0.98 | 0.77 | 47.58 | 10.64 | 45.93 | 7.27 |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 94.96 | 21.68 | 97.20 | 19.62 | 97.03 | 24.73 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 99.02 | 21.88 | 97.70 | 21.98 |
LDL/HDL | 2.07 | 0.57 | 2.09 | 0.48 | 2.13 | 0.64 | 0.92 | 0.74 | 2.15 | 0.57 | 2.16 | 0.57 |
CHOL/HDL | 3.81 | 0.86 | 3.83 | 0.71 | 3.81 a | 0.92 | 0.99 | 0.06 | 3.87 | 0.76 | 3.72 | 0.83 |
Insulin (mIU/ml) | 1.20 | 0.20 | 1.21 | 0.21 | 1.23 | 0.26 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 1.21 | 0.20 | 1.20 | 0.23 |
HOMA IR | 3.06 | 1.09 | 3.10 | 1.29 | 2.95 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 0.58 | 3.26 | 1.14 | 2.90 | 1.17 |
Characteristics | ALA (g) | p value | p value* | EPA and DHA (g) | p value | p value* | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T3 (n = 74) | T1 (n = 78) | T2 (n = 86) | T3 (n = 57) | |||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||
Age (year) | 34.14 | 9.40 | 0.20 | 0.60 | 36.05 | 9.53 | 36.30 | 10.31 | 33.85 | 8.32 | 0.28 | 0.94 |
Weight (kg) | 79.97 | 11.71 | 0.76 | 0.99 | 78.76 | 10.75 | 79.56 | 11.36 | 80.89 | 11.79 | 0.56 | 0.43 |
Height (cm) | 160.85 | 5.91 | 0.75 | 0.39 | 160.48 | 5.50 | 161.88 | 6.43 | 161.37 | 5.84 | 0.32 | 0.99 |
physical activity(METh/wk) | 1197.83 | 1229.15 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 1016.05 | 1111.52 | 824.10 | 706.16 | 1157.59 | 1431.72 | 0.41 | 0.44 |
BMI (kg/\({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\)) | 31.14 | 4.29 | 0.51 | 0.60 | 30.73 | 3.88 | 30.46 | 3.75 | 31.24 | 4.22 | 0.51 | 0.63 |
FM (kg) | 35.59 | 9.91 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 34.52 | 8.26 | 34.06 | 9.10 | 34.95 | 9.12 | 0.83 | 0.95 |
body fat (%) | 43.01 | 5.72 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 42.79 | 5.04 | 41.83 | 5.56 | 42.38 | 5.53 | 0.51 | 0.66 |
FMI (kg/m) | 13.75 | 3.77 | 0.40 | 0.22 | 13.42 | 3.18 | 13.05 | 3.34 | 13.47 | 3.48 | 0.69 | 0.93 |
Arm circumference (cm) | 34.78 | 3.68 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 33.86 | 3.07 | 34.21 | 3.39 | 34.42 | 3.18 | 0.74 | 0.51 |
Fat distribution | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
WC (cm) | 98.48 | 10.16 | 0.77 | 0.55 | 98.16 | 9.61 | 98.77 | 10.06 | 98.55 | 9.35 | 0.92 | 0.40 |
HC (cm) | 106.21 | 6.85 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 105.29 | 6.10 | 105.36 | 6.59 | 104.33 | 15.30 | 0.79 | 0.67 |
NC (cm) | 38.87 | 14.16 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 38.86 | 16.10 | 36.92 | 2.51 | 36.90 | 2.22 | 0.52 | 0.61 |
WHR (cm) | 0.92 | 0.06 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.93 | 0.06 | 0.93 | 0.05 | 2.52 | 12.06 | 0.24 | 0.29 |
WHtR (cm) | 0.61 | 0.06 | 0.66 | 0.48 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.98 | 0.78 |
Visceral fat level (cm2) | 15.91 | 3.50 | 0.87 | 0.25 | 16.05 | 3.05 | 15.62 | 3.51 | 15.89 | 3.40 | 0.71 | 0.94 |
Right arm fat (kg) | 3.05 | 1.43 | 0.21 | 0.33 | 2.74 | 1.20 | 2.80 | 1.22 | 2.95 | 1.17 | 0.72 | 0.96 |
Right arm fat (%) | 322.01 | 142.39 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 291.96 | 117.54 | 294.62 | 123.06 | 312.69 | 126.42 | 0.70 | 0.98 |
Left arm fat (kg) | 3.08 | 1.43 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 2.76 | 1.20 | 2.83 | 1.22 | 2.97 | 1.19 | 0.72 | 0.98 |
Left arm fat (%) | 325.91 | 142.59 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 294.81 | 116.90 | 297.64 | 123.26 | 316.27 | 128.08 | 0.68 | 0.95 |
Trunk fat (kg) | 16.70 | 4.13 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 15.70 | 3.46 | 16.10 | 3.91 | 16.51 | 3.65 | 0.62 | 0.87 |
Trunk fat (%) | 315.54 | 72.66 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 299.59 | 56.26 | 302.46 | 71.41 | 219.25 | 58.90 | 0.63 | 0.77 |
Right leg fat (kg) | 5.33 | 1.48 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 5.09 | 1.28 | 4.98 | 1.34 | 5.26 | 1.37 | 0.59 | 0.80 |
Right leg fat (%) | 222.51 | 59.50 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 214.55 | 49.83 | 205.92 | 54.68 | 219.25 | 58.90 | 0.47 | 0.85 |
Left leg fat (kg) | 5.30 | 1.45 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 5.07 | 1.25 | 4.94 | 1.32 | 5.22 | 1.34 | 0.57 | 0.77 |
Left leg fat (%) | 220.93 | 58.30 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 213.18 | 48.85 | 204.49 | 54.26 | 217.76 | 57.80 | 0.46 | 0.84 |
Biochemical parameters | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
FBS (mg/dl) | 86.10 | 9.99 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 86.80 | 8.20 | 87.83 | 9.54 | 85.93 | 9.22 | 0.67 | 0.27 |
CHOL (mg/dl) | 174.48 | 32.25 | 0.87 | 0.16 | 171.74 | 26.77 | 179.34 | 33.61 | 175.56 | 32.52 | 0.58 | 0.63 |
TG (mg/dl) | 104.38 | 48.20 | 0.33 | 0.58 | 107.61 | 59.54 | 103.27 | 38.85 | 140.56 a, b | 78.43 | 0.02 | 0.47 |
HDL-C (mg/dl) | 48.02 | 9.78 | 0.63 | 0.32 | 46.61 | 10.11 | 49.04 | 9.74 | 45.36 | 7.72 | 0.23 | 0.99 |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 93.41 | 22.65 | 0.52 | 0.88 | 92.00 | 19.18 | 100.83 | 22.47 | 95.03 | 23.98 | 0.21 | 0.58 |
LDL/HDL | 2.00 | 0.56 | 0.39 | 0.16 | 2.06 | 0.61 | 2.11 | 0.57 | 2.12 | 0.52 | 0.91 | 0.69 |
CHOL/HDL | 3.82 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.03 | 3.83 | 0.94 | 3.74 | 0.82 | 3.92 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.74 |
Insulin (mIU/ml) | 1.22 | 0.24 | 0.74 | 0.90 | 1.19 | 0.22 | 1.24 | 0.24 | 1.20 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.49 |
HOMA IR | 2.92 | 0.98 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 2.92 | 0.96 | 3.00 | 1.10 | 3.19 | \(1\).24 | 0.63 | 0.74 |