Fig. 1From: Obstructive sleep apnea and atrial fibrillation: insights from a bidirectional Mendelian randomization studySchematic illustration of the bidirectional Mendelian randomization study on the causal inference between obstructive sleep apnea and atrial fibrillation. Notes: Mendelian randomization approach builds upon three important assumptions: ① the instrumental variables (IVs) are strongly associated with the exposure, ② the IVs are independent of any confounders, and ③ the IVs affect the outcome only through the exposure but not via other pathways. The blue line represented the Mendelian randomization analysis of the association of OSA/ snoring with AF. The brown line represented the Mendelian randomization analysis of the association of AF with OSA. Abbreviations: OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; AF, atrial fibrillation; IVW (fe/mre) inverse-variance weighted (fixed-effects/multiplicative random-effects); MR-RAPS, MR-robust adjusted profile score; MR-PRESSO, MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; GWAS, genome-wide association study; AF HRC, Atrial Fibrillation Haplotype Reference ConsortiumBack to article page