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Fig. 1 | BMC Medical Genomics

Fig. 1

From: Obstructive sleep apnea and atrial fibrillation: insights from a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Fig. 1

Schematic illustration of the bidirectional Mendelian randomization study on the causal inference between obstructive sleep apnea and atrial fibrillation. Notes: Mendelian randomization approach builds upon three important assumptions: the instrumental variables (IVs) are strongly associated with the exposure, the IVs are independent of any confounders, and the IVs affect the outcome only through the exposure but not via other pathways. The blue line represented the Mendelian randomization analysis of the association of OSA/ snoring with AF. The brown line represented the Mendelian randomization analysis of the association of AF with OSA. Abbreviations: OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; AF, atrial fibrillation; IVW (fe/mre) inverse-variance weighted (fixed-effects/multiplicative random-effects); MR-RAPS, MR-robust adjusted profile score; MR-PRESSO, MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; GWAS, genome-wide association study; AF HRC, Atrial Fibrillation Haplotype Reference Consortium

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