Table 2 Multivariable Mendelian randomization for the associations between obesity traits and PUD adjusting for potential mediators

Unadjusted model

1.34 (1.25, 1.44)

9.72 × 10^–16

1.35 (1.23, 1.49)

2.35 × 10^–10

Adjusted for WHR

1.19 (0.99, 1.43)

0.070

–

–

Adjusted for BMI

–

–

1.23 (1.06, 1.41)

0.005

Adjusted for H.P. infection

1.30 (1.18, 1.43)

3.17 × 10^–8

1.31 (1.16, 1.48)

8.89 × 10^–6

Adjusted for T2D

1.34 (1.23, 1.46)

3.03 × 10^–12

1.39 (1.24, 1.55)

1.56 × 10^–8

Adjusted for LDL-C

1.33 (1.23, 1.44)

8.68 × 10^–13

1.31 (1.18, 1.46)

9.15 × 10^–7

Adjusted for HDL-C

1.35 (1.23, 1.49)

3.14 × 10^–10

1.40 (1.25, 1.57)

1.23 × 10^–8

Adjusted for TC

1.33 (1.23, 1.44)

1.53 × 10^–13

1.32 (1.19, 1.46)

1.91 × 10^–7

Adjusted for TG

1.34 (1.22, 1.46)

1.16 × 10^–10

1.38 (1.22, 1.55)

1.56 × 10^–7

Adjusted for smoking

1.25 (1.15, 1.35)

2.86 × 10^–8

1.27 (1.15, 1.40)

3.70 × 10^–6

Adjusted for alcohol use

1.34 (1.25, 1.44)

2.52 × 10^–16

1.36 (1.24, 1.49)

1.83 × 10^–10

Adjusted for all lifestyle factors*

1.16 (1.03,1.31)

0.013

1.20 (1.03,1.39)

0.022