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Table 2 Hepatocellular carcinoma qPCR panel genes: diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment prediction

From: Custom gene expression panel for evaluation of potential molecular markers in hepatocellular carcinoma

Genes

Pathway

Criteria for selection

Source

HCC hub genes

 TOP2A (DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha)

Cell cycle

Poor prognosis and overall survival

[26, 27, 37, 40]

 CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1)

Cell cycle

Poor prognosis and overall survival

[37]

 BIRC5 (baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 5)

Cell cycle

Poor prognosis and overall survival

[41]

 CDC20 (cell division cycle protein 20 homolog)

Cell cycle

Poor prognosis and overall survival

[26, 37]

Drug target genes

 GPC3 (glypican-3)

Extracellular molecule

Diagnostic marker and drug target

[42, 43]

 IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2)

AKT/mTOR; RAS/MAPK

Drug target

[44, 45]

 c-MET (c-MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase)

AKT/mTOR; RAS/MAPK

Drug target

[44, 46]

 IDH1 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1)

TCA cycle

Drug target

[47]

 MCL1 (myeloid cell leukemia-1)

Apoptotic

Drug target

[48]

 MDM4 (MDM4 regulator of P53)

P53

Drug target

[49]

 RAF (proto-oncogene c-RAF)

Ras/RAF

Drug target

[50]

 VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A)

VEGF

Drug target

[51]

 PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1)

Immune checkpoint

Drug target

[44]

Somatic mutated and/ drug target genes

 CTNNB1 (catenin beta 1) [GLUL1 (glutamine synthetase) and LGR5 (G-protein–coupled receptor)]

Wnt/ß-catenin

Somatic mutations, drug target and overall survival

[52,53,54]

 TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase)

Telomere maintenance

Somatic mutations, drug target and overall survival

[52, 55]

 ARID1A (AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A)

Epigenetic modifier

Somatic mutations

[52, 56]

 TP53 (tumor protein p53)

Cell cycle

Somatic mutations

[52, 57]

Housekeeping and marker genes

 AFP (α-fetoprotein)

NA

HCC serum diagnostic marker

NA

 GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), ACTB (actin beta) and TBP (TATA-binding protein)

NA

Housekeeping genes

NA

  1. NA Not applicable