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Table 1 Description of modifiable risk factors in the discovery stage

From: Causal effects of modifiable risk factors on kidney stones: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study

Traits

Consortium or Study

Number of SNPs

Sample size

Unit

Variance explained (%)

PMID

Cardiometabolic factors

 BMI

GIANT

60

322,154

SD

1.14

25,673,413

 WHR adjusted BMI

GIANT

36

210,088

SD

0.94

25,673,412

 Height

GIANT

357

253,288

SD

10.95

25,282,103

 Body fat percentage

–

5

89,297

SD

0.23

26,833,246

 LDL cholesterol

GLGC

286

842,635

SD

5.08

34,887,591

 Total triglycerides

GLGC

337

864,202

SD

4.72

34,887,591

 Total cholesterol

GLGC

338

930,666

SD

5.69

34,887,591

 HDL cholesterol

GLGC

381

888,220

SD

6.18

34,887,591

 Fasting glucose

MAGIC

64

200,622

SD

3.72

34,059,833

 Fasting insulin

MAGIC

35

151,013

SD

1.19

34,059,833

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

MAGIC

70

146,864

SD

5.40

34,059,833

 2 h glucose

MAGIC

9

63,578

SD

1.11

34,059,833

 Type 2 diabetes mellitus

DIAGRAM

86

455,313

Log-odds

1.27

30,297,969

 Systolic blood pressure

ICBP

10

299,024

10 mmHg

0.13

30,224,653

 Diastolic blood pressure

ICBP

14

299,024

10 mmHg

0.19

30,224,653

 Metabolic syndrome

UK Biobank

60

291,107

Log-odds

1.97

31,589,552

Lifestyle and dietary factors

 Smoking cessation

GSCAN

4

143,851

Log-odds

0.12

30,643,251

 Smoking initiation (ever regular vs. never regular)

GSCAN

10

249,171

Log-odds

0.15

30,643,251

 Smoking cigarettes per day

GSCAN

9

143,210

SD

0.65

30,643,251

 Alcohol drinks per week

GSCAN

5

226,223

Drinks/week

0.08

30,643,251

 Years of education

SSGAC

47

293,723

SD

0.64

27,225,129

 Caffeine consumption from Tea, mg/day

UK Biobank

22

395,866

SD

0.25

33,287,642

 Caffeine consumption from coffee or tea, mg/day

UK Biobank

41

362,316

SD

0.84

33,287,642

 Glucocorticoids (medication use)

UK Biobank

19

205,700

SD

0.63

31,015,401

 Accelerometer-based PA (acceleration average)

UK Biobank

8

91,084

SD

0.30

29,899,525

 Moderate-to-vigorous PA

UK Biobank

17

377,234

SD

0.15

29,899,525

 Vigorous PA

UK Biobank

7

261,055

SD

0.11

29,899,525

 Income before tax

UK Biobank

25

286,301

SD

0.35

31,844,048

 Intelligence

UK Biobank

157

269,867

SD

2.50

29,942,086

 Leisure sedentary behavior (computer use)

UK Biobank

45

408,815

SD

0.43

32,317,632

 Driving

UK Biobank

4

408,815

SD

0.04

32,317,632

 Leisure sedentary behavior (television watching)

UK Biobank

125

408,815

SD

1.31

32,317,632

 Meat-related diet

UK Biobank

14

335,576

SD

0.14

32,066,663

 Fish and plant-related diet

UK Biobank

22

335,576

SD

0.32

32,066,663

Biochemical measures

 Serum vitamin B12

Icelandic + Danish

9

45,576

SD

5.00

23,754,956

 Serum Vitamin C

–

7

52,018

SD

1.29

33,203,707

 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D

SUNLIGHT

6

79,366

SD

2.23

29,343,764

 Serum magnesium

CHARGE

5

23,829

SD

1.55

20,700,443

 Serum calcium

–

5

61,011

SD

0.88

24,068,962

 Serum phosphorus

CHARGE

5

21,734

SD

1.30

20,558,539

 Serum CRP

CHARGE

17

204,402

SD

0.87

30,388,399

 Serum uric acid

GUGC

15

110,347

SD

1.46

23,263,486

 Serum adiponectin

ADIPOGen

13

29,347

SD

8.78

22,479,202

 Urine measures

 Urine pH (pH <  = 5.0 vs pH > 5.0)

Iceland

3

148,199

Log-odds

0.10

30,476,138

 Urinary sodium

UK Biobank

48

446,237

SD

0.46

31,409,800

 Urinary potassium

UK Biobank

20

446,230

SD

0.17

31,409,800

  1. SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms, PMID the publication ID in PubMed, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, WHR waist-to-hip ratio, 2-h glucose the 2-h glucose level of the oral glucose tolerance test, PA physical activity, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HDL high-density lipoprotein, CRP C-reactive protein, GIANT Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits, GLGC Global Lipids Genetics Consortium, MAGIC the Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium, DIAGRAM DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis, ICBP International Consortium for Blood Pressure, GSCAN the GWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use, SSGAC the Social Science Genetic Association ConsortiumvSUNLIGHT Study of Underlying Genetic Determinants of Vitamin D and Highly Related Traits, CHARGE the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology, GUGC Global Urate Genetics Consortium