A child with multiple congenital anomalies due to partial trisomy 7q22.1 → qter resulting from a maternally inherited balanced translocation: a case report and review of literature

Background Parental balanced reciprocal translocations can result in partial aneuploidies in the offspring due to unbalanced meiotic segregation during gametogenesis. Herein, we report the phenotypic and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a 2 years and 4 months old female child with partial trisomy 7q22 → qter. This is the first such reported case resulting from a parental balanced translocation involving the long arms of chromosomes 7 and 14. The phenotype of the proband was compared with that of previously reported cases of trisomy 7q21 → qter or 7q22 → qter resulting from parental balanced translocations. Case presentation The proband was born pre-term to a 34-year-old mother with a history of two first trimester miscarriages and an early infant death. She was referred at the age of 8 months for genetic evaluation due to prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, developmental delay and multiple congenital anomalies. On clinical evaluation, she had craniofacial dysmorphic features such as scaphocephaly, large anterior fontanelle with open posterior fontanelle, prominent occiput, triangular face, high forehead, hypertelorism, down slanting eyes, flat nasal bridge, small nose, low set ears, micro-retrognathia, high arched palate and short neck. Cranial computerized tomography scan showed lateral ventriculomegaly with features of early cerebral atrophy. Conventional cytogenetic analysis showed the karyotype 46,XX,der(14)t(7;14)(q22;q32)mat in the proband due to an unbalanced segregation of a maternal balanced translocation t(7;14)(q22;q32). Fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis confirmed the partial trisomy 7q22 → qter in the proband with a minimal loss of genetic material on chromosome 14. Single nucleotide polymorphism array further confirmed the duplication on chromosome 7q22.1 → qter and a small terminal deletion on chromosome 14q32.3 → qter. Conclusion We report the longest-surviving child with trisomy 7q22 → qter due to a parental balanced translocation between chromosomes 7 and 14. Clinical features observed in the proband were consistent with the consensus phenotype of partial trisomy 7q22 → qter reported in the scientific literature. Early diagnosis of these patients using molecular cytogenetic techniques is important for establishing the precise diagnosis and for making decisions pertaining to the prognostication and management of affected individuals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-018-0366-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


Background
Reciprocal translocations are structural chromosomal rearrangements, in which breakage of two chromosomes and exchange of the distal chromosomal segments occur, leading to the formation of two derivative chromosomes without any loss or gain of genetic material. These balanced translocations typically produce no significant phenotypic effects, unless one or both chromosomal breakpoints involve an important functional gene. However, during meiotic division they can undergo adjacent-1 or adjacent-2, 2:2 segregation, leading to the formation of gametes which are partially disomic for one chromosomal segment and partially nullisomic for the other. This results in a combination of partial trisomy and partial monosomy in the zygote.
Several cases of partial trisomy of long arm of chromosome 7 (7q) resulting from parental balanced translocations between chromosome 7 and another chromosome have been reported. The phenotype in such cases was attributed to the duplicated 7q chromosomal segment and the corresponding deleted segment of the other chromosome. However, the phenotypic effects of a large 7q duplication were considered to be of more importance than the smaller terminal deletion of the other chromosome [1]. Phenotypic features reported in partial trisomy 7q are somewhat non-specific and often seen in other chromosomal rearrangements as well, thus making phenotype-genotype correlation in this condition rather difficult [2].
Herein, we report a 2 years and 4 months old female child with pre-and postnatal growth retardation, developmental delay, and multiple congenital anomalies, who was found to have the karyotype 46,XX,der(14)t(7;14) (q22;q32)mat, resulting from a maternal balanced translocation, t(7;14)(q22;q32). Molecular cytogenetic testing confirmed trisomy 7q22.1 → qter in the proband. To the best of our knowledge, the occurrence of partial trisomy 7q22 → qter due to a parental balanced translocation involving the long arms of chromosomes 7 and 14 has not previously been reported.

Case presentation
The proband was a female child born to a nonconsanguineous couple; a 35-year-old father and a 34year-old mother with a history of two first trimester miscarriages and an infant death at 2 months of age. The 3generational pedigree of the proband is shown in Fig. 1. The first and third pregnancies of the proband's mother ended in miscarriages at 7 and 8 weeks of gestation, respectively. The second pregnancy resulted in the birth of a full-term male child who developed respiratory arrest 1½ hours after birth followed by convulsions a day later. Ultrasonography of the brain showed cerebral oedema, and periventricular leukomalacia with a resolving intra-cranial hemorrhage. He later died at the age of 2 months. Neither an autopsy nor a genetic evaluation had been performed.
The CARE guidelines were followed in reporting the relevant information of the present case. The proband is the product of the fourth pregnancy. Routine prenatal scans had indicated intrauterine growth retardation. The baby was delivered by caesarean section at 35 weeks of gestation. Apgar scores were 9, 10 and 10 at 1, 5 and 10 min, respectively. The birth weight (1.5 kg) was below the 3rd centile expected for a baby born at 35 weeks of gestation and the head circumference (25.5 cm) and the crown to heel length (48 cm) were above the 50th centile. She developed respiratory distress within one hour postnatally and had to be resuscitated. She had a low hemoglobin level [11.3 g/dL (Normal > 14 g/dL)] with normal red cell indices, normal total and differential leukocyte counts and platelet counts. She was transfused on the fifth day after birth and post-transfusion hemoglobin level was 14.4 g/dl. Feeding difficulty due to poor sucking was noted at birth, but there was no record of muscular hypotonia.
At the age of 2 months, ophthalmological assessment showed pigmentary mottling of the retina, which later resolved. At the age of 5 months, bilateral lateral ventriculomegaly and periventricular thalamic striations were detected on ultrasound scan (USS) of the brain. USS of the abdomen did not show major anomalies except minimal free fluid observed in-between the loops of intestine. Echocardiography showed a structurally and functionally normal heart. Chest radiography was normal. Her thyroid profile and the full blood counts at follow-up visits were normal.
She was referred for genetic evaluation at the age of 8 months due to failure to thrive. Her weight and length at that time were 4.2 kg and 56 cm, respectively (both below 5th centile for the corrected age), and the head circumference was 41 cm (5th centile for the corrected age). Global developmental delay was noted. Several cranio-facial dysmorphic features were also noted such as scaphocephaly, large anterior fontanelle with open posterior fontanelle, prominent occiput, triangular face, high forehead, hypertelorism, down slanting eyes, flat nasal bridge, small nose, low set ears, microretrognathia, high arched palate, short neck, 5th finger clinodactyly and bilateral calcaneovarus (Fig. 2). No abnormalities were detected in the cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. Hearing assessment was normal. She was managed with physiotherapy, language and speech therapy.
Computerized tomography scan of the brain at the age of 2 years showed prominent ventricular system with mild degree of periventricular hypo-densities which was suggestive of developing hydrocephalus. At the time of writing this report, the child is aged 2 years and 4 months. Her weight (6.1 kg) and height (75 cm) are below the 5th centile and the head circumference (46 cm) is at the 10th centile. She is able to sit with support, grasp objects with the palm and transfer them from hand to hand, respond to sounds, and make monosyllabic sounds. She is on regular follow-up at a child development clinic in a tertiary care hospital.
Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) of interphase and metaphase chromosomes was performed in the proband using locus specific probes for chromosomes 7 and 14. FISH analysis using XL 7q22/7q36 locus specific dual colour probe (7q22 including the KMT2E genespectrum orange and 7q36 including the EZH2 genespectrum green) (Metasystems, Altlussheim, Germany) showed normal hybridization signals on both chromosomes 7. Additional hybridization signals for both 7q22 and 7q36 regions were seen on the derivative chromosome 14, indicating that the breakpoint in chromosome 7 is proximal to the KMT2E gene locus (chr7_ 105,014,190-105,114,085) in 7q22.3 region. This confirmed trisomy 7q22 → qter in the proband (Fig. 4a). FISH analysis of chromosome 14 was performed using XL IGH plus dual colour probe (Metasystems, Altlussheim, Germany) that hybridizes to the constant region of the IGH locus (spectrum orange) and variable distal region of IGH locus (spectrum green), both at 14q32.3. This showed normal hybridization signals (one green and one orange) on the normal chromosome 14 and the derivative chromosome 14 (Fig. 4b), indicating that the breakpoint in chromosome 14 is distal to the IGH locus (chr14_105,586,437-106,879,844).
Further delineation of the chromosomal breakpoints and precise characterization of the duplicated and deleted chromosomal segments were done using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array testing. The breakpoint on chromosome 7 was localized between chr7_101,105,923 and 101,150,073 (hg19). The first SNP showing an increase in intensity was located at chr7_ 101,139,424 and the last SNP of the array was located at chr7_159,119,486 confirming the duplication on chromosome 7q22.1 → qter, spanning 58 Mb (mega bases). The first deleted SNP on the chromosome 14 was chr14_106,948,749 and the deletion extended to the q terminus. This indicated a small (approximately 0. 3 Mb in size) terminal deletion, 14q32.3 → qter on chromosome 14 (Fig. 5, Additional file 1).

Discussion and conclusions
Due to the adjacent-1, 2:2 meiotic segregation of the maternal balanced chromosomal translocation, the proband was trisomic for a large segment of the long arm of chromosome 7 (7q22.1 → qter) with minimal loss of genetic material on chromosome 14. To the best of our knowledge, there are only three reports in the scientific literature that described a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 7 and 14 in a parent resulting in partial aneuploidies in the offspring. One report described a baby with multiple congenital malformations, dysrhythmia and possible cardiac defect due to a familial reciprocal translocation involving the short arms of chromosome 7 (7p) and chromosome 14 (14p) [3]. In another case, partial monosomy 7q with concomitant partial trisomy14q was reported in a child with craniofacial and limb anomalies [4]. The third report described a baby with growth retardation, mental retardation and facial dysmorphism who was trisomic for 7q34 → qter region, due to a paternal reciprocal translocation t(7:14) (q34;q32) [5]. The present case is the first report of partial trisomy 7q22 → qter caused by a parental balanced translocation involving the long arms of chromosomes 7 and 14.
Partial trisomy 7q can occur either with or without a concomitant monosomy of another chromosome. Pure partial trisomy 7q results from the duplication of the whole or part of long arm of chromosome 7. Partial trisomy 7q with a monosomy of another chromosome was commonly caused by a parental reciprocal translocation involving the 7q segment. In cases of combined partial trisomy and partial monosomy with a proximal breakpoint in the long arm of chromosome 7 (7q), the breakpoint reported was either 7q21 or 7q22, which is similar to the present case. In 1982, Novales et al. described 3 distinct trisomy 7q syndromes; trisomy 7q21/22 → q31, trisomy 7q31 → qter and trisomy 7q32 → qter. Trisomy 7q31 → qter showed the most severe phenotypic manifestations and early postnatal death, while trisomy 7q21/22 → q31 had a milder phenotype with minor dysmorphic features and better survival [6]. A review of 5 cases with 7q21/22 → q31 duplication reported by Megarbane et al., showed that this category of patients had poorly defined phenotypic spectrum with nonspecific cranio-facial dysmorphic features. Systemic malformations were uncommon in this group of patients [7]. In a recent compilation of 26 cases of interstitial duplications of chromosome 7 confined to 7q21 to 7q34 region, Rivera and Vasquez-Velasquez have also observed a relatively milder phenotypic expression with a longer lifespan in this group of patients with 7q duplication. Twenty four of the 26 cases reviewed by them had the proximal breakpoint at 7q21 or 7q22, further ratifying the common breakpoint in the long arm of chromosome 7 [8]. In 2001 Courtens et al. described a fourth group of trisomy 7q with the proximal breakpoint and extending to the 7q terminus (i.e. trisomy 7q21/22 → qter). The phenotypic features described in this group includes intrauterine growth retardation, hypotonia, facial dysmorphic features including micrognathia, cleft palate, genital and skeletal malformations, systemic malformations involving gastrointestinal and nervous systems and poor postnatal survival [1].
Phenotypic features and cytogenetic findings of our patient were compared with patients with partial trisomy 7q21 → qter or 7q22 → qter caused by a balanced parental translocation that were previously reported in the scientific literature [1,9,10] (Table 1). A common but non-specific group of clinical features were frequently observed among these patients. These features include intrauterine growth retardation, severe hypotonia, psychomotor retardation and dysmorphic features such as high forehead, hypertelorism, flat/wide nasal bridge, micro-retrognathia, low-set, malformed ears and short neck, conforming to the phenotype of 7q21/22 → qter syndrome described by Courtens et al. All these features except hypotonia were present in our patient. Her craniofacial profile with asymmetric skull, triangular facies, and micro-retrognathia is very similar to the 'patient 2' reported by Courtens et al. [1]. Respiratory distress at birth, reported in our patient is also a common feature in patients with partial trisomy 7q21/22 → qter, and has important clinical implications in the management of newborn babies with this structural chromosomal abnormality. Respiratory distress was also the cause of death in most affected babies who died in the early neonatal period or during infancy. Ventriculomegaly was a frequent finding in previously reported patients. Other cerebral and cerebellar malformations previously reported in these patients include cortical dysplasia and encephalomalacia. These cerebral and cerebellar malformations, although nonspecific, are prenatally detectable features of partial trisomy 7q21/22 → qter. A summary of the clinical features of the present case and the clinical features reported in cases with partial trisomy7q21/ 22 → qter due to parental balanced translocations is presented in Table 2.
We observed that there is considerable variability in the malformations involving other internal organs, but not the dysmorphic features among the patients with partial trisomy 7q21/22 → qter. Concomitant partial monosomy of the other chromosome could be an explanation for this variability, however the deleted chromosomal segment in our patient and in each of these cases reviewed were very small terminal segments and are unlikely to be the sole cause of this phenotypic variability. Reviews on trisomy 7q reported in the scientific literature have not shown a clear correlation between the phenotypic features (dysmorphic features and congenital malformations) and the genotype of the     [2,6]. This makes it difficult to predict the clinical outcome of affected patients either diagnosed prenatally or early in life based on their genotype.
In our patient, the only gene that is located within the presumed region of breakage of chromosome 7 (i.e. chr7_101,105,923-101,150,073) is the SERPINE1 gene (chr7_101,127,087-101,139,266) encoding tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor protein. This gene lies in close proximity to the first SNP (chr7_101,139,424) that showed an increase in intensity in the SNP array of the proband. The AP1S1 gene that encodes an adaptor protein involved in endocytosis and intracellular trafficking by regulating clarythrin coat assembly is located at chr7_ 101,154,405-101,161,276, just distal to the presumed region of breakage. Mutations of this gene are known to cause MEDNIK syndrome (MIM 609313) that is characterized by developmental delay, mental retardation, enteropathy, liver disorders and various neurological and cutaneous manifestations [11,12].
The trisomic segment of chromosome 7 in our patient was approximately 58 Mb in size which constitutes over one third of the size of the chromosome 7. This region comprises of approximately 473 genes (Additional file 1) , however the reports of possible candidate genes producing the phenotypic effects in patients with partial trisomy 7q are scarce in the scientific literature. One such recent report on de-novo 7q36.1q36.2 triplication suggested association of the increased dosage of GALNT11 gene with multi-organ manifestations, due to alterations in the Notch signaling pathway that influence organogenesis and morphogenesis [13]. Another important gene in this region is the sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene (at 7q36) which codes for sonic hedgehog protein that is involved in the morphogenesis of the developing embryo. Aberrations in the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway due to alterations in SHH gene are implicated in congenital malformations involving the central nervous system and limbs [14][15][16]. The SMO gene encoding a Gprotein coupled receptor that interacts with a receptor for hedgehog protein is also located in the duplicated region of chromosome 7 (at 7q32.1). Somatic mosaic mutations of this gene are implicated in the pathogenesis of Curry-Jones syndrome (MIM 601707) that is characterized by unicoronal craniosynostosis, cerebral malformations including ventriculomegaly, polysyndactyly, gastrointestinal and ocular anomalies [17]. In addition, several zinc-finger genes (ZNF genes) are located in the 7q22, 7q31 and 7q36 regions [18] within the duplicated chromosomal segment. It has been suggested that ZNF genes may contribute to the congenital malformations observed in complete or partial aneusomies [18,19]. The CNTNAP2 gene located in the 7q36 region is involved in cortical histogenesis and has been implicated in cortical dysplasia and neurodevelopmental disorders [20]. However, the effect of dosage imbalance of these genes due to partial trisomy 7q is yet to be described.
The deleted 14q32.3-qter chromosomal region of the proband contains only 3 genes; LINC00221, MIR5195 and MIR7641-2. None of these genes have been associated with a significant phenotype. Moreover, there is no significant gene in the region of breakage of chromosome 14 in the proband. The closest gene with clinical relevance to the present case is the BRF1 gene. Homozygous mutations in this gene are known to cause Cerebellofaciodental syndrome (MIM 616202) characterized by impaired cerebellar and cognitive development and dental and skeletal anomalies [21]. However, this gene is located 1.2 Mb proximal to the breakpoint on chromosome 14 in the proband. This suggests that the phenotypic features of the proband can be linked almost exclusively to the trisomy 7q22.1 → qter.
In summary, we described that partial trisomy 7q21 → qter or 7q22 → qter is characterized by a recognizable pattern of craniofacial dysmorphism and a range of congenital anomalies. This study corroborates the consensus phenotype associated with partial trisomy 7q22 → qter and further highlights its association with respiratory distress and cerebral malformations. Early diagnosis of these patients using cytogenetic testing is important to plan therapeutic measures with regards to the effective management of respiratory distress and neurological manifestations such as hypotonia, seizures