Association of gene polymorphisms in FBN1 and TGF-β signaling with the susceptibility and prognostic outcomes of Stanford type B aortic dissection

Background This study is aimed at investigating the association of Fibrillin-1 (FBN1) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling-related gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility of Stanford type B aortic dissection (AD) and its clinical prognostic outcomes. Methods Five single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) (FBN1rs 145233125, rs201170905, rs11070646, TGFB1rs1800469, and TGFB2rs900) were analyzed in patients with Stanford type B AD (164) and healthy controls (317). Gene–gene and gene–environment interactions were assessed by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction. A 4-year follow-up was performed for all AD patients. Results G carriers of FBN1 rs201170905 and TGFB1 rs1800469 have an increased risk of Stanford type B AD. The interaction of FBN1, TGFB1, TGFB2 and environmental promoted to the increased risk of type B AD (cross-validation consistency = 10/10, P = 0.001). Dominant models of FBN1rs145233125 TC + CC genotype (P = 0.028), FBN1 rs201170905 AG + GG (P = 0.047) and TGFB1 rs1800469 AG + GG (P = 0.052) were associated with an increased risk of death of Stanford type B AD. The recessive model of FBN1 rs145233125 CC genotype (P < 0.001), FBN1rs201170905 GG (P < 0.001), TGFB1 rs1800469 AG + GG genotype (P = 0.011) was associated with an increased risk of recurrence of chest pain in Stanford type B AD. Conclusions The interactions of gene–gene and gene–environment are related with the risk of Stanford type B AD. C carriers of rs145233125, G carriers of rs201170905 and G carriers of rs1800469 may be the poor clinical outcome indicators of mortality and recurrent chest pain in Stanford type B AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01213-z.


Introduction
Stanford type B aortic dissection (AD) is a rare but serious cardiovascular emergency [1,2], mainly through the interaction of gene mutations and environmental factors [3,4]. Dysregulation and destruction of the cellular and extracellular components of the aortic wall result in progressive smooth muscle cells (SMC) depletion, extracellular matrix (ECM) destruction, and inflammation, which are pathologic changes that commonly lead to AD and rupture [5,6].
Fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene encodes for Fibrillin-1 with 47 epidermal growth factor -like domains and seven transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) binding protein -like domains [7,8]. Fibrillin-1 aggregates through cell secretion to form microfibrils; the microfibrils are located at extremity of the elastin extensions, joining the SMCs to the elastin lamellae, which is a necessary component of the elastic fibers in the aortic wall [9][10][11][12]. Loss of fibrillin-1 changes SMC phenotype and induces ECM remodeling, leading to aortic aneurysm/dissection [13]. FBN1 was first recorded as an associated gene with Marfan syndrome (MFS) [14][15][16][17]. Researches manifested that, patients with a pathogenic FBN1 variation are at risk for developing Marfan-like syndromes such as serious cardiovascular, skeletal, and ophthalmologic complications [14,[18][19][20]. Some recent researches also indicated that variants of FBN1 was strongly related to the developing of thoracic aortic aneurysm or dissection (TAAD) in addition to MFS [21]. However, only a relatively few researches on genetic polymorphism and clinical prognosis between FBN1 and Stanford type B AD.
TGF-β has a critical and fundamental role in the maturation and function of SMCs and aortic development [13]. TGF-β superfamily consists of at least 40 structurally and functionally related cytokines that are involved in various biological processes including embryonic development, ECM formation, immune regulation and inflammation, etc. [22,23]. TGF-β1 is the main effective isotype on the cardiovascular system [24]. TGF-β1 increased expression of TGF-β type I receptor (TGFBR1) mutations causing Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) which includes aggressive and early onset of both aortic aneurysms and dissections [25,26]. The decrease of TGF-β2 levels caused by TGFB2 mutation is an initiating step in the pathogenic of thoracic aortic disease [27]. Loss-offunction mutations in the genes encoding TGF-β ligands receptors are associated with heritable TAAD [28][29][30][31].
In addition, FBN-1, serves as a regulator of TGF-β signaling, can bind to LTBP-1 and regulates the bioavailability of TGF-β [26,32]. Fibrillin-1 deficiency alter the matrix sequestration of the latent TGF-β complex, leading to the uncontrolled release of active TGF-β from the ECM and enhanced TGF-β signaling [12,[33][34][35]. In Marfan syndrome, the combination of excessive TGF-β synthesis and the uncontrolled release of TGF-β from FBN1 deficient ECM contributes to aortic destruction [5,36]. All the above indicated that TGF-β signaling and its related genes are involved in the progression of aortic disease.
Therefore, FBN1 and TGF-β pathway-related gene variations are participated in the arising of aortic diseases by affecting architecture and function of aortic ECM and VSMCs. However, evidences for the interaction between FBN1 and TGF-β pathway-related genetic polymorphisms in Stanford type B AD remain lacking before the submission of this manuscript. Moreover, we have not searched the correlation reports about the SNP of FBN1, TGFB1 or TGFB2 and the poor clinical prognosis of patients with Stanford type B AD. Given that the above reasons, the present study aimed to further explore the association of FBN1, TGFB1, and TGFB2 genetic polymorphisms, gene-gene, and gene-environment interaction with susceptibility and clinical outcome of Stanford type B AD.

Ethical approval of the study program
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. All participants and legal guardians of deceased participants have agreed and signed the informed consent voluntarily. The survey was carried on according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Study subjects and sample collection
All subjects were selected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University between 2013 and 2016. Briefly, we enrolled 481 participants (164 type B AD patients and 317 Control groups). Patients with Stanford type B aortic dissection confirmed by aortography or aortic CTA were recruited in the case group. Control subjects were recruited from the same hospital and patients who were admitted for reasons without aortic disease by aortography or aortic CTA. Patients with coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, the bicuspid aortic valve or any other known aortic diseases were excluded from the study.

Laboratory testing
The information, including hypertension, diabetes, age, gender, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, was measured by the clinical laboratory department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University with a biochemical analyzer. The definition of hypertension was as follows: systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg of three consecutive measurements on different days, for both arms [37]. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed when two consecutive measurements on plasma glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/L and/or fasting plasma glucose levels ≥ 7.0 mmol/L 2 h after meal [38].
Smoking was defined as declaring regular tobacco use in the last 6 month.

Genotyping
We selected five tag SNPs by screening National Center for Biotechnology Information SNP database (http:// www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ SNP) and Haploview 4.2 software. Five tag SNPs, as follows: FBN1 rs145233125, rs201170905, rs11070646, TGFB1 rs1800469, and TGFB2 rs900. The cut-off of minor allele frequency was set as > 0.05, and linkage disequilibrium patterns with r 2 were set as > 0.8. Blood samples were collected from all subjects. With the use of a DNA extraction kit developed by Beijing Biotech Co. Ltd, Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral vein blood leukocytes. Genotyping of all SNPs were performed at CapitalBio Corporation (Beijing, China) with MassARRAY platform (Agena Bioscience, San Diego, CA). The primers for PCR amplification and extension were designed by the MassARRAY Assay Design 4.0 software. The steps of the PCR cycling program, SAP (shrimp alkaline phosphatase) degestion and extension were performed according to the manufacturer's protocol. Extension products were desalted and detected using matrixassisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF). Finally, the results were analyzed using TYPER 4.0 software (Agena Bioscience, San Diego, CA). Genotyping was performed using a blinded method, without knowing any clinical data of the patient, and some genotyping samples (10%) were repeated to monitor the quality of genotyping.

Followed up
We conducted a 4-year clinical followed-up for case group. All follow-up results were acquired by telephone calls, outpatient records or readmission. The baseline demographic data, clinical and clinical endpoint events of the selected patients were recorded. The primary endpoint was death due to the recurrence of AD, and the secondary endpoint was hospitalization for chest pain recurrence.

Statistical analysis
SPSS version 22.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL) was used to conduct all statistical analyses. The t-test was used to compare the measurement data (represented by mean ± SD) between the AD and control subjects. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was analysed to calculate the frequency distribution of genotype and allele in case and control groups. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to analyze gene-gene and gene-environment interactions [39]. The Kaplan-Meier method was adopted to analyze the association of gene polymorphisms with survival outcomes and chest pain recurrence. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to analyze traditional risk factors of Stanford type B AD. The statistical significance level P value was set as < 0.05.

Population information
Analysis of the general message of two groups found that did not show any differences in hypertension, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol between the case and control groups (P > 0.05). However, significant differences were found that systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, BMI, white blood cell count, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, glycosylated serum protein, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, smoking and drinking were associated with Stanford type B AD susceptibility (P < 0.05) ( Table 1).

Genotype and allele frequencies
The genotype and allele distribution characteristics of SNPs in the case and control group are shown in Table 2. The genotype distributions of five SNPs for both case and control participants followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There were significant differences for the genotype frequencies of FBN1 rs201170905 (P = 0.011), TGFB1 rs1800469 (P = 0.037) and the allele frequencies of FBN1rs201170905 (P = 0.001), TGFB1 rs1800469 (P = 0.042) in the case group and the control group. No significant differences were observed between the case and control groups to the genotype frequencies and allele frequencies of FBN1 rs145233125, rs11070646, TGFB2 rs900 (P > 0.05).

Analysis of the association between genetic models and Stanford type B AD risk
We further assessed the association between genetic models and the risk of  Table 3).

Gene-gene and gene-environment interaction
GMDR was used to analyze the interaction of the SNPs. The three-factor interaction model of FBN1 rs201170905, TGFB1 rs1800469, and TGFB2 rs900 were the optimal model, through the maximum CVC (10/10) after 1000 permutation tests, and the maximum values of sign test (10) and test balance precision (0.5977), P = 0.0010 (Table 4). Then, we assessed the gene-environment interaction and Stanford type B AD risk by GMDR. The result shown that the seven-factor interaction model of FBN1rs11070646, FBN1rs201170905, TGF-B1rs1800469, TGFB2rs900, BMI ≥ 24 kg/m 2 , smoking, drinking and hypertension were considered the best model, with the maximum CVC (10/10) after 1000 permutation tests, and the maximum values of sign test (10) and testing balance accuracy (0.7560), P = 0.0010 (Table 5).

Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for Stanford type B AD
Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The valuable and empirical variables were included in the multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis (Additional file 1: Table S1), and the variables were introduced in the equation. Glucose, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and drinking were the risk factors of Stanford type B AD after adjusting the factors such as age, gender. Especially in the Hypertension group, the risk of Stanford type B AD increased 4.586-fold (OR 4.586, 95% CI 2.627-8.006, P < 0.001) compared with normal population.

Correlation of SNPS with mortality risk in Stanford type B AD patients
Among 317 patients included in the 4-year follow-up, 30 patients died due to the recurrence of Stanford type B AD. We use Kaplan-Meier method to analyze the association of tag SNPs and clinical outcomes in patients with Stanford type B AD. The results shown that there were no significant differences between the genetic models of FBN1rs11070646 and TGFB2rs900 and the risk of death (P > 0.05). However, dominant models of FBN1rs145233125 TC + CC genotype (P = 0.028), rs201170905 AG + GG genotype (P = 0.047) and TGF-B1rs1800469 AG + GG genotype (of borderline statistical significance, P = 0.052) were associated with an increased mortality risk (Fig. 1).

Correlation of SNPS with chest pain recurrence in Stanford type B AD patients
Follow-up result shown 93 patients had recurrent chest pain in type B AD. The recessive models of FBN1rs145233125 CC genotype, rs201170905 GG genotype and the dominant model of TGFB1rs1800469 AG + GG genotype were found to be associated with an increased risk of recurrence of chest pain by Kaplan-Meier (P < 0.05).The association between mortality risk and other genetic models did not show any statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) (Fig. 2).

Discussion
In our present study, we found that the genetic mutations in FBN1 and TGF-β signaling, and environmental influences and conditions were associated with Stanford type B AD and adverse outcomes. This may be caused by the interaction of multi-genes and environment.  A previous study revealed that two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs2118181 and rs10519177) in the FBN-1 gene were associated with thoracic aortic dissection (TAD), thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA), and TAAD [8,40]. Furthermore, another study has also demonstrated that carriers of the FBN1rs2118181 risk variant had greater risk for TAD [41]. However, before this, related research about rs201170905 and the susceptibility of AD has not been found. Our study confirmed that A allele carriers of the FBN1 rs201170905 polymorphism was considered to the genetic influence factors of Stanford type B AD. Rs201170905 is located within the FBN1 gene introns; Intronic variations is mainly through a selective shearing to influence protein sequence and function. Mutant fibrillin-1 initiates disease-causing changes in the extracellular matrix by decreasing the level of functional microfibrils and activating TGF-β signaling, leading to AD eventually [42].
The current study demonstrated that TGFB1 gene variants were associated with Stanford type B AD. TGFB1, as a cytokine, participates in a broad range of cellular regulatory processes and associated with different kinds of diseases including aortic aneurysm [32]. Increased TGFβ1 levels are linked to MFS caused by FBN1 mutations and subsequent defects in signaling system [43]. Previous studies reported that mutations in TGF-β signaling pathway-related genes cause syndromic TAAD, such as MFS and LDS [44]. Rs1800469 (T-509C) is a variation in the promoter region of the TGFB1 gene that affects gene transcriptional activity [45]. Other research indicated the increased risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm for individuals with the TGFB1 rs1800469 TT genotype compared with the CC genotype [46][47][48][49][50]. In the current study, dominant model of TGFB1 rs1800469 have a higher risk of Stanford type B AD. By contrary, a previous study demonstrated that the recessive model and additive model of rs1800469, but not dominant model, were related to abdominal aortic aneurysm [45], which may be because of differences in the environment in which people live.
Stanford type B AD was bound up with genetic and environmental factors [51]. Therefore, we performed an GMDR analysis which manifested the interactions between FBN1 rs201170905, TGFB1 rs1800469, TGFB2 rs900 and circumstance factors contributed to Stanford type B AD. One study has demonstrated   [52]. FBN-1, serves as a regulator of TGF-β signaling, has been shown to interact with TGFB [53]. Frameshift mutations and nonsense mutations may lead to a decrease in FBN1 protein levels [54]. This reduce causes the strengthen activation of TGF-β signaling [25], which results in increased apoptosis and malalignment of vascular smooth muscle cells, ultimately increasing the risk of AD [6].
In addition, many studies have indicated that hypertension was risk factor for sporadic TAA, TAD, and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) [55][56][57][58][59][60][61]; this is similar to the results of our study. Our study also observed that the risk of type B AD is higher for patients with a history of hypertension (Additional file 1: Table S1), which may be attributed to the mechanical affects of elevated blood pressure on the aortic wall [13]. Hypertension may bring about transform in medial SMCs and the ECM structural change, which effects the construction and function of the aortic wall, thereby increasing pressure on the aortic wall and boosting aortic dilatation [62]. Smoking was also associated with a higher risk of AD, which is consistent with the viewpoints of Landenhed M et al. [60]. The effect of smoking on aortic disease is mainly to change aortic SMCs and inflammatory response [51,63]. Simultaneously, some mice studies have demonstrated that exposure to cigarette smoke result in AAA by inducing angiotensin II infusion or elastase perfusion [64,65]. Consumption of ethanol may increase vasoconstriction by stimulating excitation of the sympathetic nervous system and secretion of norepinephrine, leading to vascular dysfunction and hypertension [66].
The early mortality of acute type B AD is more than 50%, if it is not treated in time [67]. Therefore, we further conducted a Kaplan-Meier curves showed that C carriers of rs145233125, G carriers of rs201170905 and G carriers of rs1800469 had a raised risk of death rate and recurring chest pain, which might be related to the continuous progression of type B AD. However, previous research evidence is still insufficient for the clinical outcomes of FBN1, TGFB1 or TGFB2 gene and patients with Stanford type B AD.
Certainly, the current research also exists some limitations. Firstly, since women suffer from AD is rare relatively than men, there may be gender differences. Secondly, the results of this study may be affected by different environmental factors. Thirdly, this was a single center study, which could not represent other population. A large sample and multi-center researches need to be conducted to further elucidation in future studies.

Conclusions
In summary, FBN1rs201170905 and TGFB1 rs1800469 genetic polymorphisms are related to the raised risks of type B AD. The interaction between FBN1, TGF-β signaling-related genetic polymorphisms, and environmental factors may promote the exacerbation of type B AD. G allele in rs201170905, C allele in rs145233125 of FBN1, G allele in TGFB1 rs1800469 may be the prognostic indicators for type B AD in mortality and in chest pain recurrence.
Additional file 1: Table S1. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for type B AD.