Table 3 Uniquely dysregulated genes in squamous cell carcinoma versus normal urothelium
From: Gene profiling suggests a common evolution of bladder cancer subtypes
Gene | Fold change SCCa | Function |
|---|---|---|
KRT6B | 289 | High molecular weight cytokeratin; stratified epithelium differentiation |
S100A7 | 242 | Promotes migration and invasion of SCCa; reported in urine of bladder SCCa patients |
KRT16 | 147 | High molecular weight cytokeratin |
PI3 | 140 | Peptidase inhibitor 3/elafin; marker of abnormal squamous growth; induced by inflammation |
DSG3 | 77.6 | Desmosome-associated protein; upregulated in various forms of SCCa |
SERPINB4 | 58.3 | Member of human SCCa antigen locus; activated by STAT3; enhances survival of SCCa cells |
CNFN | 56.3 | Cornifelin; squamous epithelial marker |
KLK10 | 53.9 | Serine protease; increased in oral and lung SCCa |
SERPINB3 | 42.5 | Member of human SCCa antigen locus; activated by STAT3; enhances survival of SCCa cells |
FGFBP1 | 31.3 | FGF carrier protein; promotes angiogenesis in SCCa from various sites |
MMP1 | 31.0 | Matrix metalloproteinase that degrades collagens; induced by EGF in bladder cancer patients |
DSG1 | 29.6 | Desmosome-associated protein; enhances loss of cell adhesion in SCCa from various sites |
KRT5 | 25.8 | High-molecular weight cytokeratin; expressed by squamous epithelium |
DSC3 | 25.1 | Desmosome-associated protein; marker of squamous differentiation; can inhibit EGFR pathway |
S100A8 | 22.9 | May predict metastatic potential of bladder cancer; increased in SCCa from various sites |
LY6D | 21.1 | Affects interaction between SCCa cells and endothelial cells |
CA2 | 19.3 | Carbonic anhydrase II; Previously reported in bladder SCCa |
MMP10 | 18.7 | Matrix metalloproteinase; activated by EGF and STAT3; inhances SCCa invasion at other sites |
PTHLH | 15.5 | Parathyroid hormone-like hormone; previously reported in bladder SCCa; may affect apoptosis |
SCEL | 15.1 | Squamous epithelium marker |
CALB1 | 12.9 | Calbindin 1; calcium binding protein of the troponin C superfamily |
PTPRZ1 | 11.9 | Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase; involved in CNS development |
LAMC2 | 8.95 | Laminin, gamma2; Overexpressed in esophageal SCC |
KIF14 | 6.58 | Microtubule motor protein; reported in laryngeal carcinoma |
JUP | 6.31 | Associated with both desmosomes and intermediate junctions |
SCUBE2 | -27.1 | Secreted protein; putative tumor suppressor in breast cancer |
HPGD | -20.6 | Metabolism of prostaglandins; downregulated in gastric cancer by COX2 |
HMGCS2 | -15.6 | HMG-CoA synthase family; enzyme involved in ketogenesis |
CYP4B1 | -15.0 | Involved in drug metabolism and lipid synthesis; related to bladder cancer risk in one study |
TGFBR3 | -13.1 | Encodes TGF-β receptor III; reduced expression in numerous cancers |
UPK3A | -10.9 | Uroplakin 3A; urothelial marker; loss of expression associated with aggressive bladder cancer |
AOC3 | -10.1 | Copper amine oxidase; aids in leukocyte adhesion and transmigration |
FBLN1 | -9.86 | Secreted glycoprotein; may be involved in ECM remodeling; downregulated in gastric cancer |
FOXA1 | -9.82 | Forkhead class of DNA binding proteins; loss occurs in aggressive bladder cancer |
PPARG | -9.27 | Regulate gene transcription together with retinoid X receptors; may influence BCG response |
GATA3 | -8.97 | Transcription factor; downregulated in bladder cancer |
CCL15 | -8.63 | Chemotactic for T cells and monocytes; |
TSPAN8 | -7.96 | Tetraspanin family; interacts with integrins; may regulate motility in various cancers |
ADRA2A | -7.75 | Alpha-2-adrenergic receptor; |
PDGFD | -7.74 | PDGF family; can regulate motility in many cancer types and chemotaxis |
KRT20 | -6.32 | Low molecular weight cytokeratin; typically patchy expression in urothelial carcinoma |
CYP1A1 | -5.7 | Hypermethylated in bladder cancer; polymorphisms related to bladder cancer risk |
CYP1B1 | -5.61 | Polymorphisms associated with bladder cancer risk |
UGT1A10 | -5.28 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; involved in detoxification of carcinogens |
UGT1A7 | -5.28 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; polymorphisms associated with cancer risk |