Table 3 Summary of 17 key asthma-related genes located in desensitization-treatment-related module

Immune correlation

ATF7IP

ATF7IP can interact with methyl CpG binding protein 1 (MBD1) and the autoimmune regulator (Aire) protein to maintain immune tolerance

Michael Waterfield et al. [31]

SLC43A3

SLC43A3 was found to be associated with IgE level by epigenome-wide approach, meta-analysis

Youming Zhang [32];

Liang et al. [33]

AKAP7

AKAP7 encodes protein family binding to a regulatory subunit (RII) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA); sElevation of cAMP leads to the activation of both PKA and Epac and thereby modulates airway smooth muscle responses. It has been reported that coupling of the β2-adrenoceptor to Gi leads to activation of ERK signaling.

W J Poppinga et al. [34]

HMGN1

The nucleosome-binding protein HMGN1 is a potent alarmin that binds TLR4 and induces antigen-specific Th1 immune responses.

Feng Wei et al. [35]

Inflammation response

ELMO2

ELMO2 can interact ILK to play key role in the integration of adhesion and migration pathways, migration is closely association to autoinflammatory disorder, i.e., asthma

Ernest Ho and Lina Dagnino [38]

WDFY1

WDFY1 mediates TLR3/4 signaling by recruiting TRIF.

Positively regulates TLR3- and TLR4-mediated signaling pathways by bridging the interaction between TLR3 or TLR4 and TICAM1. Promotes TLR3/4 ligand-induced activation of transcription factors IRF3 and NF-kappa-B, as well as the production of IFN-beta and inflammatory cytokines

Andriana I. Papaioannou et al. [36];

Q. Zhang et al. [37]

Methylation

G2E3

G2E3 was found in top-ranked DMPs (differentially methylated positions) in asthma-discordant MZ twins

Therese M. Murphy et al. [39]

ZNF19

ZNF19 was found in Top fifty promoter loci with differential methylation between obese asthmatics and obese non-asthmatics

Deepa Rastogi et al. [40]

Apoptosis

NDUFA13

Differential expression analysis indicated NDUFA13 was differentially expressed between healthy controls and allergic rhinitis patients.

Wagener, A.H. et al. [23]

KLRK1

NKG2D is encoded by KLRK1 gene. NK cells promote allergic pulmonary inflammation in response to HDM allergen by mechanisms dependent on NK-cell intrinsic expression of the major activating receptor NKG2D.

Klrk1^−/− mice exhibited a profoundly impaired inflammatory response to allergen challenge compared with klrk1^+/+ mice.

Nazanin Farhadi et al. [41]

PEA15

PEA15 is an important protein that regulates death receptor induced apoptosis and proliferation signaling by binding to FADD and relocating ERK1/2 to the cytosol.

ERK1 is important for Th2 differentiation and development of experimental asthma.

Stéphane Kerbrat et al. [29];

Nicholas Goplen et al. [42]

TRIO

significantly enriched in the process of positive regulation of apoptosis

–

Others

WWP2

detected to be differentially expressed from HBEC (human bronchial epithelial cells) ALI cultures stimulated with IL-6/sIL-6R compared to non-stimulated control.

Zala Jevnikar et al. [43]

VPS37A

GPR160

VWA5A

SPDYE6