Duplication of SOX3 in an SRY-negative 46,XX male with prostatic utricle: case report and literature review

Abstract

Background

46,XX male disorders of sex development are rare. Approximately 80% of cases of testicular tissue differentiation may be due to translocation of SRY to the X chromosome or an autosome. SRY-negative 46,XX males show overexpression of pro-testis genes, such as SOX9 and SOX3, or failure of pro-ovarian genes, such as WNT4 and RSPO1, which induces testis differentiation, however, almost all testicles exhibit dysgenesis. Following inadequate exposure to androgens during the embryo stage, remnants of the Mullerian duct and incomplete closure of the urogenital sinus lead to enlargement of prostatic utricles. This condition is associated with proximal hypospadias and disorders of sex development. Many cases are asymptomatic, but show increased rates of postoperative complications and surgical failure.

Case presentation

A 5-year-old Chinese boy with scrotal hypospadias and bilateral cryptorchidism with prostatic utricles was presented. Gonadal histology showed ovo-testicular tissue on the right side and testicular tissue on the left side; all testicular tissue exhibited dysgenesis. Furthermore, chromosome karyotype analysis revealed 46,XX and, the presence of SRY was ruled out by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Whole-genome analysis showed the boy has a 1.4-Mb duplication in the Xq27.1q27.2 region (arr[hg19]Xq27.1q27.2:139585794–140996652) involving SOX3. No SOX3 duplication was observed in the parents, who had a normal phenotype.

Conclusions

We report the first case of an SRY-negative 46 XX male with prostatic utricle caused by SOX3 duplication. SOX3 duplication may cause sex reversal, and all 46,XX SRY-negative males should be screened for SOX3 mutations. Gonadal biopsy is recommended to evaluate ovarian and testicular tissue development. Testicular dysgenesis and low exposure to male hormones during fetal development can lead to enlarged prostatic utricles. Thus endoscopic examination should be performed preoperatively to detect prostatic utricles in SRY-negative 46,XX males to determine the surgical plan and reduce postoperative complications.

Background

Ovotesticular male disorders of sex development (OT-DSD) are rare worldwide. These disorders show differing prevalence and karyotypes; however, the 46,XX karyotype is the most common(65–90%) [1]. This presentation results from the translocation of SRY to the X chromosome or, more rarely, to the autosomes. The SRY-negative phenotype is rare and can be explained by two different mechanisms: overexpression of pro-testis genes, such as SOX9 and SOX3, and failure of pro-ovarian genes, such as WNT4 and RSPO1 [2]. SOX3 mutation-induced sex reversal may be driven by the shared analogous function of SOX3 and SRY, cooperation with SF1 to upregulate SOX9 expression, and induction of Sertoli cell differentiation in the bipotential gonad ridges [2]. A previous study reported cases of hypospadias, bilateral cryptorchidism, and kidney abnormality [3]. In our case, we additionally observed an enlarged prostatic utricle, which to our knowledge is the first instance of this phenotype observed in this specific type of DSD. The embryological origin of the prostatic utricle remains controversial. It was previously considered as a remnant of the Müllerian ducts, however, a recent study showed it to be derived from the urogenital sinus [4]. Either way, the prostatic utricle dilates when exposure to male hormones is low during fetal development [5]. In an SRY-negative 46,XX male, lack of the Y chromosome results in inadequate differentiation of the testis, an insufficient hormone dosage during critical periods, induction of remnant Mullerian ducts and incomplete closure of the urogenital sinus [6].

Case presentation

The patient was 5 years old and was referred to our department for ambiguous sex; he was the second child of a non-consanguineous couple. His parents and sister were healthy. The patient’s birth weight was 3.5 kg and length was 50 cm, which were within normal ranges; his intelligence was normal, and he had no pertinent medical history. At 5 years old, the patient’s height was 117 cm and weight was 20.5 kg. Physical examination revealed scrotal hypospadias and bilateral cryptorchidism (Fig. 1a). The bilateral gonads (approximately 1.0 × 0.6 cm) were palpated in the upper inguinal region. Ultrasonography indicated bilateral cryptorchidism with a normal testicular morphology (Fig. 1c, d). Abdominal ultrasound did not show internal female genitalia, and echocardiogram results were normal. Hormonal laboratory tests showed low basal levels of testosterone (T; < 2.5 ng/dL); the post-3-day human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation test showed an increase in T to 62.90 ng/dL, and the post-human chorionic gonadotropin test showed a normal level of double hydrogen testosterone (80.37 pg/mL). Thus, there was a good T response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation. Luteinizing hormone was low (< 0.1 IU/L) and follicle stimulating hormone was normal (0.4 IU/L). Anti-Mullerian hormone (48.48 ng/mL), prolactin (4.87 ng/mL), and 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone (0.8 nmol/L)levels were also normal (Table 1). As patient growth and development were normal, we did not screen for growth hormone or adreno-cortico-tropic hormone.

Fig. 1

a Physical examination revealed scrotal hypospadias and bilateral cryptorchidism. b Pre─operation cystoscopy showing an orifice in the prostatic urethra; the white arrow indicates the prostatic urethra orifice. c Ultrasonography showing that the right testicle is in the inguinal canal; the morphology was normal. d Ultrasonography showing that the left testicle is in the inguinal canal; the morphology was normal

Table 1 Hormonal laboratory tests

The chromosome karyotype was 46,XX, and the presence of SRY was ruled out by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Therefore, we performed whole-genome analysis for genetic detection. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The DNA quantity of sequencing library was assessed by Qubit 2.0 fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, United States). The quality and size of libraries were measured by 2100 Bioanalyzer High Sensitivity DNA Assay (Agilent Technologies, California, United States). The qualified libraries were sequenced using the 2 × 150-bp paired-end sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq platform (Illumina, San Diego, USA). FASTQ files were aligned to the human reference genome (hg19/ GRCh37) using BWA v0.7.13 Variants (single nucleotide variants and indels) were genotyped from recalibrated BAM files using GATK 4.0 and annotated against multiple databases, including HGVS variant description, population frequency, disease or phenotype and variant functional prediction, using ANNOVAR. Variants were classified as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, variant of unknown significance, likely benign, or benign following the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines. Copy number variants were called by DNAcopy R package, filtered classified as per the ACMG guidelines, and manually checked by using the Integrative Genomics Viewer. Target capture area was 50 M, detection range capture rate 99.9%, detection data volume 10G, average sequencing depth ≥ 100X, and the proportion of Q30 was not less than 90%. The results revealed no pathogenic or likely pathogenic single-nucleotide variation or insertion-deletion variant related to sexual development, but revealed a 1.4-Mb duplication in the Xq27.1q27.2 region (arr[hg19]Xq27.1q27.2:139,585,794–140,996,652). The duplication contained CDR1, SOX3, and SPANXA1 (Fig. 2). According to the ACMG, this duplication is of uncertain significance. The parents did not show SOX3 duplication and had normal phenotypes.

Fig. 2

Whole genome analysis showing 1.4-Mb duplication in the Xq27.1q27.2 region (arr[hg19]Xq27.1q27.2:139,585,794–140,996,652). The duplication contained CDR1, SOX3, and SPANXA1

After clinical consultation, the family decided to raise the child as a male. The patient underwent surgical procedures for the correction of hypospadias and gonad biopsy, followed by orchiopexy. Preoperative cystoscopy showed an orifice in the prostatic urethra. Upon probing with a camera, enlarged prostatic utricles were observed (Fig. 1b). The bilateral gonads were biopsied, followed by orchiopexy. Gonadal histology showed ovotesticular tissue on the right side and testicular tissue on the left side; both testicular tissues exhibited features of testicular dysgenesis. The ovarian tissue had primordial and primary follicles (Fig. 3a, b). Owing to this complicated condition, we performed penile straightening and planned to perform urethroplasty 6 months later. After degloving of the penis, the corpus cavernosum was well developed and the penis length and diameter were 4.5 and 1.5 cm, respectively.

Fig. 3

Hematoxylin and eosin staining of bilateral gonadal sample. a: The right side showing ovotesticular tissue; the ovarian tissue had primordial and primary follicle(star). b: The left side showing testicular dysgenesis(arrow). These images were obtained using the following equipment: microscope DM300 and camera DFC45O(leica, Germany). Scanner Hamamatsu, Nanozoomer S210-NDP. View 2 version 2.9.29, was used as acquisition software and the measurement resolution was 1200dpi

Discussion and conclusion

SOX3 is a single exon gene located in Xq27.1 and is required for normal brain, pituitary and craniofacial development in humans. Recent reports showed that mutation of SOX3 can cause developmental delay or intellectual disturbance [7, 8]. Although SOX3 is not required for normal sex development, it affects testis differentiation and oocyte development [9], Mutation of SOX3 induces SRY- negative 46,XX male sex reversal has been comfirmed by previous reports [10]. However, the mechanism underlying SOX3 mutation inducing SRY-negative 46 XX male sex reversal was not well understood. Through a literature review, we found 10 similar cases (Table 2) [2, 3, 10,11,12,13,14,15]. Seven of these cases contained SOX3 duplication mutations, ranging from 550 kb to 6 Mb. The mechanism may involve overexpression of SOX3 to upregulate SOX9 expression and induce testis differentiation [1]. Our patient had a 1.4-Mb duplication in the Xq27.1q27.2 region, which contained SOX3, supporting this prediction. In three of the cases, the condition was associated with rearrangements in the regulatory region of SOX3, which may weaken the inhibition of SOX3 [15].

Table 2 Cases of SOX3 related XX male reversal

Our patient’s bilateral gonads were biopsied, and histological analysis showed that the testicular component was dysgenetic and that ovarian tissue was present, Therefore, the diagnosis was revised to OT-DSD. Haines et al. [12], Grisponetal et al. [10], and Zhuang et al. [14] also performed gonadal biopsy and obtained similar results. The development of testicular tissue and ovarian tissue may influence the sex assignment of patients with DSD. If the patients are raised as males, then the ovarian portion must be removed before pubertal age to avoid gynecomastia and cyclic hemorrhage. If the patients are raised as females, testicular tissue must be removed to avoid virilization during puberty [1]. Therefore, at any age, when the patient is diagnosed with an SRY-negative 46 XX karyotype, the gonads must be biopsied.

Our case involved duplication of SOX3 in an SRY-negative 46,XX male associated with an enlarged prostatic utricle, which has not been reported previously. Tasicet et al. [3] reported patients with congenital anomalies of the kidneys. Haineset al [12] reported patients with fallopian tubes, hemiuterus, and hemivagina on the right gonads, which were removed through surgery. Such patients must also be screened for abnormalities in other organs. Our patient also underwent an ultrasound, but the results were normal. We routinely perform cystoscopic pre-operation in patients with proximal hypospadias, which revealed an enlarged prostatic utricle in the current patient. Ultrasonography and retrograde urethrography can detect the prostatic utricle, but it is difficult to detect a small prostatic utricle using ultrasonography, and retrograde urethrography is not useful because of the slit-like utricular opening [16]. Thus, endoscopy is suitable for detecting the prostatic utricle. An enlarged prostatic utricle can cause recurrent urinary tract infection, epididymo-orchitis, fistulas after urethroplasty, and calculi or malignancy [17]. Early diagnosis is important for providing support for individualized plans and reducing postoperative complications [18]. Therefore, endoscopic examination should be performed in SRY-negative 46,XX males with hypospadias, as recommended previously [6].

Our patient has a 1.4-Mb duplication in the Xq27.1q27.2 region. The duplication contained CDR1, SOX3, and SPANXA1. Cerebellar degeneration-related antigen 1(CDR1) is expressed in the nervous system, human epidermis, and cancer tissues, but its function is unclear [19]. SPANXA1 is expressed in the tumors or testis [20], but has not been reported to be associated with sexual reversal. Therefore, the relationship between these two genes and sex determination requires further analysis.

SOX3 duplication may causes sex reversal, and all 46,XX SRY-negative males should be screened for SOX3 mutations. Gonadal biopsy is recommended to determine the presence of ovarian and testicular tissue development. Testicular dysgenesis and low exposure to male hormones during fetal development can lead to enlarged prostatic utricles. Thus, endoscopic examination should be performed preoperatively to detect prostatic utricles in SRY-negative 46,XX males to guide the surgical plan and reduce postoperative complications.