WHO: recommended definitions, terminology and format for statistical tables related to the perinatal period and use of a new certificate for cause of perinatal deaths. Modifications recommended by FIGO as amended October 14, 1976. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1977, 56:247–253.
Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, Chou D, Moller AB, Narwal R, Adler A, Vera Garcia C, Rohde S, Say L, Lawn JE. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. Lancet. 2012;379:2162–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lawn JE, Wilczynska-Ketende K, Cousens SN. Estimating the causes of 4 million neonatal deaths in the year 2000. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35:706–18.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saigal S, Doyle LW. An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood. Lancet. 2008;371:261–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anderson PJ, Doyle LW, Victorian Infant Collaborative Study G. Executive functioning in school-aged children who were born very preterm or with extremely low birth weight in the 1990s. Pediatrics. 2004;114:50–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rogers LK, Velten M. Maternal inflammation, growth retardation, and preterm birth: insights into adult cardiovascular disease. Life Sci. 2011;89:417–21.
Laas E, Lelong N, Thieulin AC, Houyel L, Bonnet D, Ancel PY, Kayem G, Goffinet F, Khoshnood B, Group ES. Preterm birth and congenital heart defects: a population-based study. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e829–37.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Koullali B, Oudijk MA, Nijman TA, Mol BW, Pajkrt E. Risk assessment and management to prevent preterm birth. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;21:80–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McCowan LM, Dekker GA, Chan E, Stewart A, Chappell LC, Hunter M, Moss-Morris R, North RA, consortium S. Spontaneous preterm birth and small for gestational age infants in women who stop smoking early in pregnancy: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2009;338:b1081.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ng SP, Zelikoff JT. Smoking during pregnancy: subsequent effects on offspring immune competence and disease vulnerability in later life. Reprod Toxicol. 2007;23:428–37.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Behrman RE, Butler AS. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press; 2007.
Google Scholar
Mancuso RA, Schetter CD, Rini CM, Roesch SC, Hobel CJ. Maternal prenatal anxiety and corticotropin-releasing hormone associated with timing of delivery. Psychosom Med. 2004;66:762–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008;371:75–84.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Flick AA, Brookfield KF, de la Torre L, Tudela CM, Duthely L, Gonzalez-Quintero VH. Excessive weight gain among obese women and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Perinatol. 2010;27:333–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pettit KE, Lacoursiere DY, Schrimmer DB, Alblewi H, Moore TR, Ramos GA. The association of inadequate mid-pregnancy weight gain and preterm birth in twin pregnancies. J Perinatol. 2015;35:85–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu S, Krewski D, Shi Y, Chen Y, Burnett RT. Association between gaseous ambient air pollutants and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Vancouver, Canada. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:1773–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ritz B, Yu F, Chapa G, Fruin S. Effect of air pollution on preterm birth among children born in Southern California between 1989 and 1993. Epidemiology. 2000;11:502–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Romero R, Dey SK, Fisher SJ. Preterm labor: one syndrome, many causes. Science. 2014;345:760–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Romero R, Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP, Gotsch F, Hassan S, Erez O, Chaiworapongsa T, Mazor M. The preterm parturition syndrome. BJOG. 2006;113(Suppl 3):17–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mitsuya K, Singh N, Sooranna SR, Johnson MR, Myatt L. Epigenetics of human myometrium: DNA methylation of genes encoding contraction-associated proteins in term and preterm labor. Biol Reprod. 2014;90:98.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burris HH, Baccarelli AA, Motta V, Byun HM, Just AC, Mercado-Garcia A, Schwartz J, Svensson K, Tellez-Rojo MM, Wright RO. Association between length of gestation and cervical DNA methylation of PTGER2 and LINE 1-HS. Epigenetics. 2014;9:1083–91.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hong X, Sherwood B, Ladd-Acosta C, Peng S, Ji H, Hao K, Burd I, Bartell TR, Wang G, Tsai HJ, et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation associations with spontaneous preterm birth in US blacks: findings in maternal and cord blood samples. Epigenetics. 2018;13(2):163-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592294.2017.1287654.
Parets SE, Conneely KN, Kilaru V, Menon R, Smith AK. DNA methylation provides insight into intergenerational risk for preterm birth in African Americans. Epigenetics. 2015;10:784–92.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kim J, Pitlick MM, Christine PJ, Schaefer AR, Saleme C, Comas B, Cosentino V, Gadow E, Murray JC. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in human amnion. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:678156.
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Behnia F, Parets SE, Kechichian T, Yin H, Dutta EH, Saade GR, Smith AK, Menon R. Fetal DNA methylation of autism spectrum disorders candidate genes: association with spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212:533.e531–9.
Google Scholar
Maccani JZ, Koestler DC, Houseman EA, Marsit CJ, Kelsey KT. Placental DNA methylation alterations associated with maternal tobacco smoking at the RUNX3 gene are also associated with gestational age. Epigenomics. 2013;5:619–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sundrani DP, Reddy US, Chavan-Gautam PM, Mehendale SS, Chandak GR, Joshi SR. Altered methylation and expression patterns of genes regulating placental angiogenesis in preterm pregnancy. Reprod Sci. 2014;21:1508–17.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schroeder JW, Conneely KN, Cubells JC, Kilaru V, Newport DJ, Knight BT, Stowe ZN, Brennan PA, Krushkal J, Tylavsky FA, et al. Neonatal DNA methylation patterns associate with gestational age. Epigenetics. 2011;6:1498–504.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fernando F, Keijser R, Henneman P, van der Kevie-Kersemaekers AM, Mannens MM, van der Post JA, Afink GB, Ris-Stalpers C. The idiopathic preterm delivery methylation profile in umbilical cord blood DNA. BMC Genomics. 2015;16:736.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Parets SE, Conneely KN, Kilaru V, Fortunato SJ, Syed TA, Saade G, Smith AK, Menon R. Fetal DNA methylation associates with early spontaneous preterm birth and gestational age. PLoS One. 2013;8:e67489.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cruickshank MN, Oshlack A, Theda C, Davis PG, Martino D, Sheehan P, Dai Y, Saffery R, Doyle LW, Craig JM. Analysis of epigenetic changes in survivors of preterm birth reveals the effect of gestational age and evidence for a long term legacy. Genome Med. 2013;5:96.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hong X, Sherwood B, Ladd-Acosta C, Peng S, Ji H, Hao K, Burd I, Bartell TR, Wang G, Tsai HJ, et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation associations with spontaneous preterm birth in US blacks: findings in maternal and cord blood samples. Epigenetics. 2018;13:163–72.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang FF, Cardarelli R, Carroll J, Fulda KG, Kaur M, Gonzalez K, Vishwanatha JK, Santella RM, Morabia A. Significant differences in global genomic DNA methylation by gender and race/ethnicity in peripheral blood. Epigenetics. 2011;6:623–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Adkins RM, Krushkal J, Tylavsky FA, Thomas F. Racial differences in gene-specific DNA methylation levels are present at birth. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2011;91:728–36.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tian FY, Wang XM, Xie C, Zhao B, Niu Z, Fan L, Hivert MF, Chen WQ. Placental surface area mediates the association between FGFR2 methylation in placenta and full-term low birth weight in girls. Clin Epigenetics. 2018;10:39.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tian FY, Hivert MF, Wen X, Xie C, Niu Z, Fan L, Gillman MW, Chen WQ. Tissue differences in DNA methylation changes at AHRR in full term low birth weight in maternal blood, placenta and cord blood in Chinese. Placenta. 2017;52:49–57.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Luo YJ, Wen XZ, Ding P, He YH, Xie CB, Liu T, Lin JM, Yuan SX, Guo XL, Jia DQ, et al. Interaction between maternal passive smoking during pregnancy and CYP1A1 and GSTs polymorphisms on spontaneous preterm delivery. PLoS One. 2012;7:e49155.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang X, Zuckerman B, Pearson C, Kaufman G, Chen C, Wang G, Niu T, Wise PH, Bauchner H, Xu X. Maternal cigarette smoking, metabolic gene polymorphism, and infant birth weight. JAMA. 2002;287:195–202.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pidsley R, Zotenko E, Peters TJ, Lawrence MG, Risbridger GP, Molloy P, Van Djik S, Muhlhausler B, Stirzaker C, Clark SJ. Critical evaluation of the Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip microarray for whole-genome DNA methylation profiling. Genome Biol. 2016;17:208.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Aryee MJ, Jaffe AE, Corrada-Bravo H, Ladd-Acosta C, Feinberg AP, Hansen KD, Irizarry RA. Minfi: a flexible and comprehensive Bioconductor package for the analysis of Infinium DNA methylation microarrays. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:1363–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
R: A language and environment for statistical computing. https://www.R-project.org/. Accessed 10 Oct 2017.
Oros Klein K, Grinek S, Bernatsky S, Bouchard L, Ciampi A, Colmegna I, Fortin JP, Gao L, Hivert MF, Hudson M, et al. funtooNorm: an R package for normalization of DNA methylation data when there are multiple cell or tissue types. Bioinformatics. 2016;32:593–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Logue MW, Smith AK, Wolf EJ, Maniates H, Stone A, Schichman SA, McGlinchey RE, Milberg W, Miller MW. The correlation of methylation levels measured using Illumina 450K and EPIC BeadChips in blood samples. Epigenomics. 2017;9:1363–71.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Leek JT, Johnson WE, Parker HS, Jaffe AE, Storey JD. The sva package for removing batch effects and other unwanted variation in high-throughput experiments. Bioinformatics. 2012;28:882-3. http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/sva.html. Accessed Oct 2017.
Rahmani E, Zaitlen N, Baran Y, Eng C, Hu D, Galanter J, Oh S, Burchard EG, Eskin E, Zou J, Halperin E. Sparse PCA corrects for cell type heterogeneity in epigenome-wide association studies. Nat Methods. 2016;13:443–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bakulski KM, Feinberg JI, Andrews SV, Yang J, Brown S, S LM, Witter F, Walston J, Feinberg AP, Fallin MD. DNA methylation of cord blood cell types: applications for mixed cell birth studies. Epigenetics. 2016;11:354–62.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cardenas A, Allard C, Doyon M, Houseman EA, Bakulski KM, Perron P, Bouchard L, Hivert MF. Validation of a DNA methylation reference panel for the estimation of nucleated cells types in cord blood. Epigenetics. 2016;11:773–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fortin JP, Triche TJ Jr, Hansen KD. Preprocessing, normalization and integration of the Illumina HumanMethylationEPIC array with minfi. Bioinformatics. 2017;33:558–60.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ritchie ME, Phipson B, Wu D, Hu Y, Law CW, Shi W, Smyth GK. Limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43:e47.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Casper J, Zweig AS, Villarreal C, Tyner C, Speir ML, Rosenbloom KR, Raney BJ, Lee CM, Lee BT, Karolchik D, et al. The UCSC genome browser database: 2018 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46:D762–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mi H, Huang X, Muruganujan A, Tang H, Mills C, Kang D, Thomas PD. PANTHER version 11: expanded annotation data from Gene Ontology and Reactome pathways, and data analysis tool enhancements. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017;45:D183–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Piyasena C, Cartier J, Khulan B, French K, Menon G, Seckl JR, Reynolds RM, Drake AJ. Dynamics of DNA methylation at IGF2 in preterm and term infants during the first year of life: an observational study. Lancet. 2015;385:S81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burris HH, Rifas-Shiman SL, Baccarelli A, Tarantini L, Boeke CE, Kleinman K, Litonjua AA, Rich-Edwards JW, Gillman MW. Associations of LINE-1 DNA methylation with preterm birth in a prospective cohort study. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2012;3:173–81.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Burris HH, Baccarelli AA, Byun HM, Cantoral A, Just AC, Pantic I, Solano-Gonzalez M, Svensson K, Tamayo Y, Ortiz M, Zhao Y, et al. Offspring DNA methylation of the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor gene is associated with maternal BMI, gestational age, and birth weight. Epigenetics. 2015;10:913–21.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kantake M, Yoshitake H, Ishikawa H, Araki Y, Shimizu T. Postnatal epigenetic modification of glucocorticoid receptor gene in preterm infants: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e005318.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Okamura K, Kawai T, Hata K, Nakabayashi K. Lists of HumanMethylation450 BeadChip probes with nucleotide-variant information obtained from the phase 3 data of the 1000 genomes project. Genom Data. 2016;7:67–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Parets SE, Bedient CE, Menon R, Smith AK. Preterm birth and its long-term effects: methylation to mechanisms. Biology (Basel). 2014;3:498–513.
CAS
Google Scholar
Dahl C, Guldberg P. DNA methylation analysis techniques. Biogerontology. 2003;4:233–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schilling E, Rehli M. Global, comparative analysis of tissue-specific promoter CpG methylation. Genomics. 2007;90:314–23.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shi H, Maier S, Nimmrich I, Yan PS, Caldwell CW, Olek A, Huang TH. Oligonucleotide-based microarray for DNA methylation analysis: principles and applications. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88:138–43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liang P, Song F, Ghosh S, Morien E, Qin M, Mahmood S, Fujiwara K, Igarashi J, Nagase H, Held WA. Genome-wide survey reveals dynamic widespread tissue-specific changes in DNA methylation during development. BMC Genomics. 2011;12:231.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bouhours-Nouet N, May-Panloup P, Coutant R, de Casson FB, Descamps P, Douay O, Reynier P, Ritz P, Malthiery Y, Simard G. Maternal smoking is associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion and respiratory chain complex III deficiency in placenta. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288:E171–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Veras MM, Damaceno-Rodrigues NR, Caldini EG, Maciel Ribeiro AA, Mayhew TM, Saldiva PH, Dolhnikoff M. Particulate urban air pollution affects the functional morphology of mouse placenta. Biol Reprod. 2008;79:578–84.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
MacLaughlin SM, Walker SK, Roberts CT, Kleemann DO, McMillen IC. Periconceptional nutrition and the relationship between maternal body weight changes in the periconceptional period and feto-placental growth in the sheep. J Physiol. 2005;565:111–24.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Roberts CT. IFPA award in Placentology lecture: complicated interactions between genes and the environment in placentation, pregnancy outcome and long term health. Placenta. 2010;31(Suppl):S47–53.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Novakovic B, Yuen RK, Gordon L, Penaherrera MS, Sharkey A, Moffett A, Craig JM, Robinson WP, Saffery R. Evidence for widespread changes in promoter methylation profile in human placenta in response to increasing gestational age and environmental/stochastic factors. BMC Genomics. 2011;12:529.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Harris LK. IFPA Gabor than award lecture: transformation of the spiral arteries in human pregnancy: key events in the remodelling timeline. Placenta. 2011;32(Suppl 2):S154–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim YM, Bujold E, Chaiworapongsa T, Gomez R, Yoon BH, Thaler HT, Rotmensch S, Romero R. Failure of physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:1063–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim YM, Chaiworapongsa T, Gomez R, Bujold E, Yoon BH, Rotmensch S, Thaler HT, Romero R. Failure of physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries in the placental bed in preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:1137–42.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jansson T, Powell TL. IFPA 2005 Award in Placentology Lecture. Human placental transport in altered fetal growth: does the placenta function as a nutrient sensor? -- a review. Placenta. 2006;27(Suppl A):S91–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eriksson JG, Forsen TJ, Osmond C, Barker DJ. Pathways of infant and childhood growth that lead to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3006–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sookoian S, Gianotti TF, Burgueno AL, Pirola CJ. Fetal metabolic programming and epigenetic modifications: a systems biology approach. Pediatr Res. 2013;73:531–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bonvicini C, Faraone SV, Scassellati C. Common and specific genes and peripheral biomarkers in children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2018;19:80-100.
Kang J, Park H, Kim E. IRSp53/BAIAP2 in dendritic spine development, NMDA receptor regulation, and psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology. 2016;100:27–39.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hasler R, Preti MG, Meskaldji DE, Prados J, Adouan W, Rodriguez C, Toma S, Hiller N, Ismaili T, Hofmeister J, et al. Inter-hemispherical asymmetry in default-mode functional connectivity and BAIAP2 gene are associated with anger expression in ADHD adults. Psychiatry Res. 2017;269:54–61.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Liu L, Sun L, Li ZH, Li HM, Wei LP, Wang YF, Qian QJ. BAIAP2 exhibits association to childhood ADHD especially predominantly inattentive subtype in Chinese Han subjects. Behav Brain Funct. 2013;9:48.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rijlaarsdam J, van IMH, Verhulst FC, Jaddoe VW, Felix JF, Tiemeier H, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Prenatal stress exposure, oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) methylation and child autistic traits: the moderating role of OXTR rs53576 genotype. Autism Res. 2017;10:430-8.
Lam LL, Emberly E, Fraser HB, Neumann SM, Chen E, Miller GE, Kobor MS. Factors underlying variable DNA methylation in a human community cohort. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(Suppl 2):17253–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Reinius LE, Acevedo N, Joerink M, Pershagen G, Dahlen SE, Greco D, Soderhall C, Scheynius A, Kere J. Differential DNA methylation in purified human blood cells: implications for cell lineage and studies on disease susceptibility. PLoS One. 2012;7:e41361.