Skip to main content

Association of IKZF1 and CDKN2A gene polymorphisms with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a high-resolution melting analysis

Abstract

Background

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most prevailing pediatric hematologic malignancy, and various factors such as environmental exposures and genetic variation affect ALL susceptibility and patients outcome. According to genome-wide association studies, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IKZF1 (rs4132601) and CDKN2A (rs3731249 and rs3731217) genes are associated with ALL susceptibility. Hereupon, this study aimed to discover the association between these SNPs and the risk of childhood ALL among a sample of the Iranian population.

Methods

A total of fifty children with ALL were included in this case–control study, along with an additional fifty healthy children, matched for age and gender. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis was employed to genotyping rs4132601, rs3731249, and rs3731217.

Results

In the patient group, the CT genotype and T allele frequency of rs3731249 were significantly greater than controls (p = 0.01 and p = 0.005, respectively). Moreover, the positive association of CT and dominant model (CT + TT) genotypes and T allele at rs3731249 with the risk of ALL was confirmed (OR = 9.56, OR = 10.76 and OR = 11.00, respectively). There was no significant relation between rs4132601 (IKZF1), rs3731217 (CDKN2A), and childhood ALL.

Conclusion

The present study indicates that CT genotype and T allele at rs3731249 (CDKN2A) can significantly increase the risk of ALL among children.

Peer Review reports

Background

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous disorder that arises from a malignant transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid progenitors in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and thymus [1, 2]. It is the most prevailing pediatric hematologic malignancy and chiefly targets those aged 2–5 years old; However, it has been shown that this malignancy can affect both children and middle-aged adults [3, 4]. Although the precise causes of ALL occurrence are yet to be determined, it is suggested that a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors contribute to disease development [5, 6]. Recently, various genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that inherited genetic variations can be beneficial markers for predicting ALL susceptibility, drug response, and risk of relapse in children [7, 8]. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of germline variation (> 1% frequency) resulting from base-pair differences in genome sequences that are employed for studying genetic differences between populations. In the recent era, these valuable biological markers have been used for revealing the heritable risk of various diseases and are considered the major characters in disease-association studies in different races. The occurrence of SNPs in a gene or its regulatory region may disrupt its normal function [9,10,11]. There are three vital systems (xenobiotic, DNA repair, and cell regulation) that SNPs in genes involved in these pathways heighten the risk of acute leukemia [12]. Based on the GWASs, it is reported that common alterations in several genes are linked with B-cell homeostasis (CEBPE, IKZF1, ARID5B) and cell cycle regulation (CDKN2A) may affect children's susceptibility to ALL [13,14,15].

Ikaros family zinc finger 1 (IKZF1; 7p12.2) encodes a DNA-binding transcription factor with zinc finger motifs involved in hematopoiesis, particularly in the development and differentiation of lymphoid lineages [16,17,18,19]. Germline variation (SNPs) or mutations in the IKZF1 gene or expression of a dominant-negative isoform of this gene (caused by deletion of zinc finger domains) can be related to several hematological malignancies [20, 21]. The association between several SNPs in the IKZF1 gene (rs4132601, rs6964823, rs6944602, and rs11978267) and inherited susceptibility to ALL has been repeatedly declared in GWASs [22].

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A; 9p21.3) encodes p16INK4A and p14ARF, which are vital regulators of the cell cycle and play a significant role in programmed cell death through their tumor-suppressive activities [23, 24]. Thus, with deletion, mutation, or genetic polymorphisms of CDKN2A, the expression and effectiveness of p16INK4A and p14ARF tumor suppressors are decreased, leading to deregulation of cell proliferation and cancer development [25, 26]. Previous studies showed that CDKN2A genetic variations (rs3731217 and rs3731249) could be considered risk factors for both B-ALL and T-ALL [27].

Although numerous studies have been conducted concerning the link between IKZF1 and CDKN2A genes and ALL pathogenesis, their findings are contradictory, probably due to the different clinical features, including ethnicity, age, and subtypes. Therefore, we selected the most prevalent SNPs of these genes (IKZF1; rs4132601 T > G, CDKN2A; rs3731217 A > C, and rs3731249 C > T) and evaluated them in the Iranian ALL population. Given the racially dependent distribution of these SNPs, evaluation of these variations in different populations seems to provide precious information about ALL susceptibility and prognosis. To achieve this objective, we designed an accurate and cost-effective high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis to assess the frequency of mentioned SNPs in the target population.

Materials and methods

Study subjects & sample collection

This case–control study included 50 ALL-diagnosed and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy children. The sample size estimation was conducted by the PGA software [28] with a two-sided alpha error of 5% and a power of 80%. In fact, all available samples were collected but we could not achieve the calculated sample size. According to the current World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, the disease was diagnosed and verified in the patient group. The healthy group comprised children with a normal complete blood count (CBC) and no history of malignancy or underlying disorders referred to the hospital for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing of bone marrow donation. By checking the identification documents of these children and their parents, and also based on the information collected from the design questionnaires, Iranian nationality was verified for both the case and control groups. The study gained the approval of the Kerman University of Medical Sciences ethical committee (ethics approval code: IR.KMU.REC.1397.074). All participant parents provided written informed permission before collecting study samples. Subsequently, genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood using a modified salting-out method [29]. Next, DNA samples were stored at − 20 °C until genotyping.

HRM analysis for IKZF1 and CDKN2A gene polymorphisms

Primer design

SNP database of NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/?term =) and Ensembl genome browser (http://asia.ensembl.org/index.html) were employed to provide the sequences of rs4132601 (IKZF1gene), rs3731217, and rs3731249 (CDKN2A gene). Furthermore, Primer3Plus (http://bioinformatics.nl/cgi-bin/primer3plus/primer3plus.cgi) and Oligo Analyzer Tool-Integrated DNA Technologies (http://eu.idtdna.com/calc/analyzer) were utilized to perform primer design and specificity analysis.

HRM technique

Genotyping of controls and patients was evaluated in a completely blinded fashion using the HRM technique and the Rotor-Gene® Q instrument (QIAGEN’s real-time PCR cycler) was used for this experiment. As the manufacturer stated in the protocol of 5 × HOT FIREPol® EvaGreen® HRM Mix (Solis BioDyne, Estonia), elements of an HRM reaction involved: 100 nM forward primer (10 pmol/ μL), 100 nM reverse primer (10 pmol/ μL), 1X HRM Master Mix, 50 ng/ μL DNA template and H2O PCR grade. It should be noted that the ultimate volume of the reaction mixture was 20μL. Later, DNA amplification occurred under these cycling circumstances: 12-min initial activation at 95 °C, followed by 40 amplification cycles comprised of 15-s denaturation at 95 °C, 20-s annealing at 67 °C, and extension at 72 °C for 20 s. Eventually, as the temperature increased from 65˚C to 90˚C at a ramp rate of 0.1 °C per second, an HRM step was performed. The collected data were investigated using the Rotor-Gene Q Series Software version 2.3.5.

DNA sequencing

Because of obtaining different groups of melt curves, and to confirm the accuracy of genotyping by HRM assay, three samples from each group were submitted to BIONEER Corporation (South Korea) for direct DNA sequencing.

Statistical analysis

To compare the case and control groups in terms of allele frequency and genotype distribution and to determine the predicted frequency of control genotypes, the Pearson Chi-square test and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were employed, respectively. In addition, multivariate logistic regression was applied to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess an association between each genotype and the risk of ALL. Statistical analyses were conducted via SPSS software version 23.0, and a p-value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

Results

Baseline characteristics of patients and controls

Our study included 50 children with ALL (age 5.5 ± 5.4 years) and 50 healthy children (age 6.2 ± 2.8 years). The demographic and hematologic characteristics of participants are presented in Table 1. All subjects in both case and control groups were matched for age and sex (P = 0.41 and P = 0.83, respectively). Hematologic parameters, including red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and platelet (Plt) count were significantly associated with childhood ALL (P < 0.0001).

Table 1 Demographic and hematologic parameters

HRM and sequencing results

HRM assay was used to identify IKZF1 (rs4132601 T > G) and CDKN2A (rs3731217A > C and rs3731249 C > T) gene polymorphisms. Our results revealed that the melting curves manifest different patterns, so several samples were picked to be sequenced from each group. Figures 1, 2 and 3 illustrate the sequencing results for each SNP as well as the HRM genotyping results presented in three models (melting curve, normalized graph, and difference graph).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Genotyping of IKZF1 gene polymorphism (rs4132601) by HRM analysis. A rs4132601 T > G Melting curve; B rs4132601 T > G Normalized graph; C rs4132601 T > G Difference graph; D rs4132601 T > G sequencing results

Fig. 2
figure 2

Genotyping of CDKN2A gene polymorphism (rs3731217) by HRM analysis. A rs3731217 A > C Melting curve; B rs3731217 A > C Normalized graph; C rs3731217 A > C Difference graph; D rs3731217 A > C sequencing results

Fig. 3
figure 3

Genotyping of CDKN2A gene polymorphism (rs3731249) by HRM analysis. A rs3731249 C > T Melting curve; B rs3731249 C > T Normalized graph; C: rs3731249 C > T Difference graph; D rs3731249 C > T sequencing results

Genotype and allele frequency of IKZF1 and CDKN2A gene polymorphisms and the association with childhood ALL

According to the findings of this study, the patients' group showed a significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg principle (P < 0.05) for rs4132601 T > G (IKZF1) polymorphism. Nonetheless, the genotype frequencies of rs3731217 A > C and rs3731249 C > T (CDKN2A) polymorphisms in both case and control groups were not significantly different from the expected frequencies of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05). Table 2 depicts the frequency of genotypes and alleles in the patient and control groups, suggesting that both groups do not differ significantly in their genotype distribution and allele frequencies of rs4132601 (IKZF1) and rs3731217 (CDKN2A). Although we found no significant relationship between these polymorphisms and the risk of ALL in childhood, the frequency of genotype and allele of rs3731249 C > T significantly differed in the cases compared to the controls (P = 0.01 and P = 0.005 for genotype and allele frequency, respectively). Thus, our study suggested that CT and dominant model (CT + TT) genotypes and T allele of rs3731249 C > T (CDKN2A) variant were linked with a higher risk of childhood ALL (CT vs CC: OR = 9.56, 95% CI = 1.14–79.64, P = 0.037; Dominant model, CT + TT vs CC: OR = 10.76, 95% CI = 1.31–88.46, P = 0.004; and T allele vs C allele: OR = 11.00, 95% CI = 1.38–87.64, P = 0.024).

Table 2 Genotype and allele frequency of IKZF1 and CDKN2A gene polymorphisms and the association with childhood ALL

To explore the interaction of SNPs, we performed the compound genotype analysis for the various combinations of IKZF1 and CDKN2A gene polymorphisms (in pairs and in a set of all three). As presented in Table 3, our results demonstrated that the subjects with the CDKN2A rs3731217 AA and CDKN2A rs3731249 CT genotypes exhibited significantly higher risk of developing ALL compared with those who carried the wild-type variant for both SNPs (AA/CT vs AA/CC: OR = 9.84, 95% CI = 1.18–82.14, P = 0.035).

Table 3 Association of the various compound genotypes of IKZF1 and CDKN2A gene polymorphisms (in pairs and in a set of all three) with childhood ALL

Discussion

ALL is the most prevalent pediatric cancer globally, and genetic heterogeneity among ALL patients, resulting from differences in ethnicity and race, has a crucial role in ALL susceptibility and prognosis. Using the HRM technique, the present study evaluated the prevalence of three commonly assessed SNPs in ALL studies (rs4132601, rs3731217 and rs3731249) in the Iranian ALL patients.

Previous studies showed that two SNPs at the CDKN2A locus are associated with susceptibility to ALL. The first SNP, rs3731249 C > T, is located in exon 2 of the CDKN2A and is responsible for the Ala148Thr (Alanine to Threonine) change that reduces gene expression and affects the function of both p16INK4A and p14ARF proteins [15, 30]. This study found a significant association between rs3731249 genotype and allele frequency and ALL. Likewise, a report by Gutierrez-Camino et al. demonstrated that rs3731249 heightened the risk of B-ALL in the Spanish population coincided with those of this study [23]. Another study indicated this SNP to lead to a three-fold increase in ALL risk among European children [31]. Moreover, Vijayakrishnan et al. asserted that the association between rs3731249 and ALL was not limited to the distinct subgroup of B-cell ALL [32].

The other CDKN2A SNP that was investigated in this study is rs3731217 A > C, which is located in intron 1 of this gene [33]. The present study showed no significant association between rs3731217 A > C and susceptibility to ALL. In line with the present study's findings, Gutierrez-Camino et al. showed that rs3731217 was not associated with the ALL susceptibility [23]. According to a wide variety of comparable studies conducted on samples of Spanish [34], Polish [14], Thai [35], and Tunisian populations [30], there was no association between rs3731217 and the risk of ALL. In contrast, Sherborne et al. revealed that rs3731217 is effective on the risk of ALL, irrespective of cell lineage [33].

The last SNP that was evaluated in this study was rs4132601 T > G, which is situated in the 3'UTR region of the IKZF1 gene [36]. We found an insignificant association of rs4132601 between our ALL and healthy population; thus, our study suggests that this SNP is not related to ALL susceptibility. Similarly, prior studies showed that rs4132601 T > G was not correlated with ALL [37,38,39]. In contrast, according to a meta-analysis performed in 2015, rs4132601 T > G heightened the risk of ALL and the most significant degree of association was observed among European and Spanish populations, though not in the Asian one [19]. The meta-analysis conducted by Dai et al. indicated that rs4132601 in the IKZF1 gene was likely to contribute to the incidence of ALL in European populations [40]. Likewise, Bahari et al. found that GG and TG genotype and G allele of rs4132601 T > G can be considered as ALL risk factors [16].

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate in detail the association between the developing pediatric ALL and the presence of various combinations of IKZF1 (rs4132601) and CDKN2A (rs3731217 and rs3731249) gene polymorphisms (in pairs and in a set of all three). The combination of CDKN2A rs3731217 AA and CDKN2A rs3731249 CT genotypes significantly increased the risk of developing childhood ALL.

Our study has some limitations. The main limitation of this study is the small sample size. In fact, all available samples were collected over a period of almost two years, but we could not achieve a larger sample size. Regarding the causes of this issue, in addition to the time constraint, the study population was leukemic children undergoing chemotherapy and so many parents refused to participate in this study. Moreover, the results of studies about ALL's SNPs in various ethnicities are inconsistent. Therefore, we suggest that further studies be performed in various populations with larger sample size to validate our findings. Another limitation that prevented us from investigating the effect of these SNPs on treatment response prediction or risk of relapse was the time constraint. Examining the association of these SNPs with the patient's response to treatment and the risk of recurrence as well as analysis of other genes involved in ALL pathogenesis, will give significant insight into this disease.

In conclusion, we identified rs3731249 C > T, a CDKN2A missense SNP, as an essential predictor of ALL susceptibility. We hope that our results might serve as a useful ALL diagnostic marker. Furthermore, CDKN2A rs3731249 polymorphism produces a dysfunctional protein; and inhibition of this protein with targeted therapy modalities can be recommended for disease treatment.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to the possibility of compromising the privacy of individuals. According to the written approval forms accepted by the Ethics Committee of the Kerman University of Medical Sciences (KMU), the data will only be accessible to researchers within the project. The data would be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Terwilliger T, Abdul-Hay M. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2017 update. Blood Cancer J. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1038/bcj.2017.53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Mrózek K, Harper DP, Aplan PD. Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2009;23:991–1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hoc.2009.07.001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Inaba H, Greaves M, Mullighan CG, Manuscript A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lancet. 2013;381:1943–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62187-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Liao F, Yin D, Zhang Y, Hou Q, Zheng Z, Yang L. Association between PIP4K2A polymorphisms and acute lymphoblastic leukemia susceptibility. Med U S. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000003542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kreile M, Piekuse L, Rots D, Dobele Z, Kovalova Z, Lace B. Analysis of possible genetic risk factors contributing to the development of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the Latvian population. Arch Med Sci. 2016;12:479–85. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2016.59920.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Lautner-Csorba O, Gézsi A, Semsei ÁF, Antal P, Erdélyi DJ, Schermann G, Kutszegi N, Csordás K, Hegyi M, Kovács G, Falus A. Candidate gene association study in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia evaluated by Bayesian network-based Bayesian multilevel analysis of relevance. BMC Med Genom. 2012;5:42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-8794-5-42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Moriyama T, Relling MV, Yang JJ. Inherited genetic variation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2015;125:3988–95. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-12-580001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Lu J, Zhao Q, Zhai YJ, He HR, Yang LH, Gao F, Zhou RS, Zheng J, Ma XC. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and risk of leukemia: a meta-analysis. OncoTargets Ther. 2015;8:2883. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S92259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Fareed M, Afzal M. Single nucleotide polymorphism in genome-wide association of human population: a tool for broad spectrum service. Egypt J Med Hum Genet. 2013;14(2):123–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kaur S, Ali A, Ahmad U, Siahbalaei Y, Pandey AK, Singh B. Role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in common migraine. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg. 2019;55(1):1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-Cerpa S, Rivas-Pardo JA, Maisey K, Yáñez JM, Valenzuela H, Cea PA, Castro-Fernandez V, Tort L, Sandino AM, Imarai M. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) mining and their effect on the tridimensional protein structure prediction in a set of immunity-related expressed sequence tags (EST) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Front Genet. 2020;27(10):1406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Brisson GD, Alves LR, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS. Genetic susceptibility in childhood acute leukemias: a systematic review. Ecancermedicalscience. 2015. https://doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2015.539.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Wiemels J. Perspectives on the causes of childhood leukemia. Chem Biol Interact. 2012;196:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2012.01.007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Pastorczak A, Górniak P, Sherborne A, Hosking F, Trelińska J, Lejman M, Szczepański T, Borowiec M, Fendler W, Kowalczyk J, Houlston RS. Role of 657del5 NBN mutation and 7p12. 2 (IKZF1), 9p21 (CDKN2A), 10q21. 2 (ARID5B) and 14q11. 2 (CEBPE) variation and risk of childhood ALL in the Polish population. Leuk Res. 2011;35:1534–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2011.07.034.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Xu H, Zhang H, Yang W, Yadav R, Morrison AC, Qian M, Devidas M, Liu Y, Perez-Andreu V, Zhao X. Gastier-foster JM (2015) inherited coding variants at the CDKN2A locus influence susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Nat Commun. 2015;6:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8553.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bahari G, Hashemi M, Naderi M, Taheri M. IKZF1 gene polymorphisms increased the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in an Iranian population. Tumor Biol. 2016;37:9579–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-4853-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Olsson L, Johansson B. Ikaros and leukaemia. Br J Hematol. 2015;169:479–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.13342.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Mullighan CG. The molecular genetic makeup of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2012;2012:389–96. https://doi.org/10.1182/asheducation.V2012.1.389.3798360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Li S, Ren L, Fan L, Wang G. IKZF1 rs4132601 polymorphism and acute lymphoblastic leukemia susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56:978–82. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2014.939965.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Rebollo A, Schmitt C. Ikaros, Aiolos and Helios: transcription regulators and lymphoid malignancies. Immunol Cell Biol. 2003;81:171–5. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01159.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hunger SP, Mullighan CG. Redefining ALL classification: toward detecting high-risk ALL and implementing precision medicine. Blood. 2015;125:3977–87. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-02-580043.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Gutierrez-Camino A, Martin-Guerrero I, García-Orad A. Genetic susceptibility in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Med Oncol. 2017;34:179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-017-1038-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gutierrez-Camino A, Martin-Guerrero I, de Andoin NG, Sastre A, Baneres AC, Astigarraga I, Navajas A, Garcia-Orad A. Confirmation of involvement of new variants at CDKN2A/B in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia susceptibility in the Spanish population. PLoS ONE. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177421.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Jiao Y, Feng Y, Wang X. Regulation of tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A and encoded p16-INK4a protein by covalent modifications. Biochem. 2018;83:1289–98. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297918110019.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Li J, Poi MJ, Tsai MD. Regulatory mechanisms of tumor suppressor P16INK4A and their relevance to cancer. Biochem US. 2011;50:5566–82. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi200642e.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sulong S, Moorman AV, Irving JA, Strefford JC, Konn ZJ, Case MC, Minto L, Barber KE, Parker H, Wright SL, Stewart AR. A comprehensive analysis of the CDKN2A gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia reveals genomic deletion, copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity, and association with specific cytogenetic subgroups. Blood. 2009;113:100–7. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-07-166801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mirebeau D, Acquaviva C, Suciu S, Bertin R, Dastugue N, Robert A, Boutard P, Méchinaud F, Plouvier E, Otten J, Vilmer E. The prognostic significance of CDKN2A, CDKN2B and MTAP inactivation in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood Results of the EORTC studies 58881 and 58951. Haematol Hematol J. 2006;91:881–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Menashe I, Rosenberg PS, Chen BE. PGA: power calculator for case-control genetic association analyses. BMC Genet. 2008;9(1):1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hashemi M, Moazeni-Roodi AK, Fazaeli A, Sandoughi M, Bardestani GR, Kordi-Tamandani DM, Ghavami S. Lack of association between paraoxonase-1 Q192R polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis in southeast Iran. Genet Mol Res. 2010;9:333–9. https://doi.org/10.4238/vol9-1gmr728.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Mahjoub S, Ghali R, Chaeib V, Achour B, Megdich F. CDKN2A and CDKN2B gene variants in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in tunisian population. J Leuk. 2018;6:2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6917.1000247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Walsh KM, De Smith AJ, Hansen HM, Smirnov IV, Gonseth S, Endicott AA, Xiao J, Rice T, Fu CH, McCoy LS, Lachance DH. A heritable missense polymorphism in CDKN2A confers a strong risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is preferentially selected during clonal evolution. Cancer Res. 2015;75:4884–94. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Vijayakrishnan J, Henrion M, Moorman AV, Fiege B, Kumar R, da Silva Filho MI, Holroyd A, Koehler R, Thomsen H, Irving JA, Allan JM. The 9p21. 3 risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is explained by a rare high-impact variant in CDKN2A. Sci Rep. 2015;5:15065. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15065.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Sherborne AL, Hosking FJ, Prasad RB, Kumar R, Koehler R, Vijayakrishnan J, Papaemmanuil E, Bartram CR, Stanulla M, Schrappe M, Gast A. Variation in CDKN2A at 9p21. 3 influences childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk. Nat Genet. 2010;42:492. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.585.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Chokkalingam AP, Hsu LI, Metayer C, Hansen HM, Month SR, Barcellos LF, Wiemels JL, Buffler PA. Genetic variants in ARID5B and CEBPE are childhood ALL susceptibility loci in Hispanics. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24:1789–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-013-0256-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Vijayakrishnan J, Sherborne AL, Sawangpanich R, Hongeng S, Houlston RS, Pakakasama S. Variation at 7p12. 2 and 10q21. 2 influences childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk in the Thai population and may contribute to racial differences in leukemia incidence. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010;51:1870–4. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2010.511356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Mahjoub S, Chayeb V, Zitouni H, Ghali RM, Regaieg H, Almawi WY, Mahjoub T. IKZF1 genetic variants rs4132601 and rs11978267 and acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk in Tunisian children: a case-control study. BMC MedGenet. 2019;20:159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12881-019-0900-1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lin CY, Li MJ, Chang JG, Liu SC, Weng T, Wu KH, Yang SF, Huang FK, Lo WY, Peng CT. High-resolution melting analyses for genetic variants in ARID5B and IKZF1 with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia susceptibility loci in Taiwan. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2014;52:140–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.10.003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wang Y, Chen J, Li J, Deng J, Rui Y, Lu Q, Wang M, Tong N, Zhang Z, Fang Y. Association of three polymorphisms in ARID5B, IKZF1and CEBPE with the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a Chinese population. Gene. 2013;524:203–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.028.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Han S, Lee KM, Park SK, Lee JE, Ahn HS, Shin HY, Kang HJ, Koo HH, Seo JJ, Choi JE, Ahn YO. Genome-wide association study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Korea. Leuk Res. 2010;34:1271–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2010.02.001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Dai YE, Tang L, Healy J, Sinnett D. Contribution of polymorphisms in IKZF1 gene to childhood acute leukemia: a meta-analysis of 33 case-control studies. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113748.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to be grateful to the Kerman University of Medical Sciences for supporting this study with grant No. 96000972.

Funding

This study gained the support of Kerman University of Medical Sciences by grant No. 96000972.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

M.SB. performed the investigation, formal analysis, and visualization, and wrote the main manuscript text. Sh.Z. performed the investigation. AR.F. and M.E. collaborated to set up the methodology. N.K. performed final editing of the manuscript. A.F. performed the conceptualization, supervision, methodology, validation, writing- reviewing, and editing of the final manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahmad Fatemi.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study gained the approval of the ethical committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences with the Ethics approval code of IR.KMU.REC.1397.074. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents/legal guardians of all participants. All methods were performed by the relevant guidelines and regulations. Before collecting the research samples, the written informed consents were handed out to and then signed back by the parents of all the children in both patient and control groups.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sattarzadeh Bardsiri, M., Zehtab, S., Karami, N. et al. Association of IKZF1 and CDKN2A gene polymorphisms with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a high-resolution melting analysis. BMC Med Genomics 15, 171 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-022-01325-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-022-01325-6

Keywords