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A novel autosomal dominant GREB1L variant associated with non-syndromic hearing impairment in Ghana

BMC Medical Genomics volume 15, Article number: 237 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Childhood hearing impairment (HI) is genetically heterogeneous with many implicated genes, however, only a few of these genes are reported in African populations.

Methods

This study used exome and Sanger sequencing to resolve the possible genetic cause of non-syndromic HI in a Ghanaian family.

Results

We identified a novel variant c.3041G > A: p.(Gly1014Glu) in GREB1L (DFNA80) in the index case. The GREB1L: p.(Gly1014Glu) variant had a CADD score of 26.5 and was absent from human genomic databases such as TopMed and gnomAD. In silico homology protein modeling approaches displayed major structural differences between the wildtype and mutant proteins. Additionally, the variant was predicted to probably affect the secondary protein structure that may impact its function. Publicly available expression data shows a higher expression of Greb1L in the inner ear of mice during development and a reduced expression in adulthood, underscoring its importance in the development of the inner ear structures.

Conclusion

This report on an African individual supports the association of GREB1L variant with non-syndromic HI and extended the evidence of the implication of GREB1L variants in HI in diverse populations.

Peer Review reports

Background

Globally, over 124 genes have been implicated in hearing impairment (HI) [1] with connexins, especially GJB2, accounting for over 50% of autosomal recessive cases [2, 3]. A recent meta-analysis of HI genes from Africa identified 46 HI genes from 17 African countries confirming the heterogeneity of HI [4]. The most frequently associated genes with HI from Africa were GJB2, MYO15A, and ATP6V1B1. However, the contribution of connexins to the HI in sub-Saharan Africa is negligible except for a few cases from some countries including Ghana [5,6,7]. In Ghana, GJB2:p.(Arg143Trp) was reported as a founder variant [8] and recent studies have shown that the variant accounts for about 25–42% of familial cases [7, 9].

Growth Regulation by Estrogen in Breast cancer 1 Like gene (GREB1L), a pre-migratory neural crest regulator, plays a vital role in early metanephros and genital development [10, 11]. Wild-type GREB1L functions in retinoic acid receptor (RAR) gene co-activation and the development of vestibulocochlear, renal system, genital tract, and ventricular tract [12]. Variations in GREB1L have been implicated in renal hypodysplasia (aplasia 3) (RHDA3), Autosomal Dominant hearing impairment (DFNA80), and Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome [11,12,13] Variations in GREB1L implicated in HI have been shown to be either autosomal dominantly inherited (with or without reduced penetrance) or de novo [11, 14, 15]. Patients with HI due to variant in GREB1L typically display bilateral profound non-syndromic (NS) HI. Additionally, when imaging data are available cochleovestibular abnormalities are observed [11]. When performed, a normal renal ultrasound and urine analysis were observed in investigated NSHI probands with GREB1L variants [14].

In this study, we present a novel case with a heterozygous GREB1L p.(Gly1014Glu) variant associated with congenital profound NSHI in a Ghanaian family. Thus, describing the ninth family with a novel variant contributing to the expansion of the genetic and demographic spectrum of GREB1L pathogenic variants.

Materials and methods

Study participants

The family with an affected proband was part of a large study aimed at investigating the association of genetic markers to congenital hearing impairment among patients at the schools for the Deaf in Ghana. The affected family member was screened and negative for GJB2 pathogenic variants [7]. In combination with a structured questionnaire, the medical records of the proband were evaluated to rule out any potential environmental or acquired cause of HI. The proband was examined by a medical geneticist and an ear, nose, and throat specialist. Urine analysis was conducted for the proband using Urine Test Paper Strips. To assess the hearing thresholds, pure-tone audiometric examination was performed using KUDUwave™ Audiometer-eMoyo Technologies (Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa) (Fig. 1). Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from venous blood obtained from 3 family members [(II:4, III:7, and III:9) (Fig. 1)] QIAamp DNA Blood Maxi Kit® (Qiagen, USA).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Pedigree, hearing impairment phenotype, and Sanger sequence validation of GREB1L: c.3041G > A variant. A Pedigree and genotype of the affected child (III:8), her mother (II) and brother. Squares represent males and circles females. The individual with the filed symbol is affected and clear symbols represent individuals without hearing impairment. B Pure tone audiograms of affected and unaffected family members. C Chromatograms showing GREB1L: c.3041G > A genotypes. D GREB1L protein sequence alignment has shown conservation of the amino acid at position 1014

Full size image

Exome sequencing

Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the gDNA obtained from the affected proband. Briefly, Quantus Fluorometer (Promega, Madison, WI) was used to assess the quality of the gDNA prior to the exome sequencing. Exome libraries were prepared using SureSelect V4 + UTR 71 Mb All Exon Capture Kit (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA), ~ 3–5 µg of the DNA was fragmented with ultrasound using a Covaris® instrument (Covaris, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA). Sequencing of the libraries was performed on Illumina HiSeq 2000 (Illumina, San Diego, CA) to produce paired-end reads of 100 bp. The Illumina BaseSpace app suite was used for exome sequencing mapping and variant calling. The sequence reads were aligned to the human reference genome (hg19/GRCh37) using Illumina DRAGEN Germline Pipeline version 05.021.408.3.4.12. Reads were sorted and marking of duplicates was performed using Picard. The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATKv4.1.7) software package [16] was used to conduct joint variant calling for single nucleotide variations (SNV) and Insertion/Deletions (Indels). The sex of the family member that underwent WES was verified using plink (version 1.9) [17, 18]. Last, copy number variants (CNV) were called using the copy number inference from exome reads algorithm (CoNIFER) [19].

Annotation and filtering

We performed annotation and filtering using an in-house pipeline built on ANNOVAR as described previously [20]. After checking known pathogenic variants for NSHI regardless of their frequency, filtering of SNVs and indels was performed using Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) [21] with a population-specific minor allele frequency of < 0.005 [for homozygous and potentially compound heterozygous variants and variants on the X chromosome AR] and < 0.0005 for heterozygous variants. Synonymous and intronic variants that were not close to a splice site region were removed. Variants that met the above criteria were further prioritized based on in silico prediction scores from Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT); MutationTaster; combined annotation dependent depletion (CADD); Genomic Evolutionary Rate Profiling (GERP++); polymorphism phenotyping v2 (PolyPhen-2); and deleterious annotation of genetic variants using neural networks (DANN). The variants were further assessed with information from Hereditary Hearing Loss Homepage (HHL), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO), and ClinVar databases. Allele frequencies were also assessed using the TOPMed Bravo database. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and Association (ACMG-AMP) guidelines for HI [22] were followed to evaluate clinical significance.

CNVs were annotated and filtered with AnnotSV [23] and an in-house pipeline that interrogates BioMart [24] and the Database of Genomic Variants [25].

Sanger sequence validation of the candidate variant from WES

To verify segregation of the GREB1L: c.3041G > A: p.(Gly1014Glu) candidate variant, Sanger sequencing was performed for all the family members from whom a DNA sample was obtained. Allele specific primers (Forward: AAACTACAGCCCTCGTTCCT, Reverse: CCTTGAGGGGTGCAGGAATAG) were used to PCR amplify the region of the GREB1L gene containing the variant. The PCR amplicons were cleaned using exonuclease 1 and alkaline phosphatase after which they were sequenced using BigDye™ Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit. The sequencing products were resolved and analyzed by ABI 3130XL Genetic Analyzer® (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The Sanger sequence data files were analyzed using FinchTV v1.4.0, and UGENE v34.0.

GREB1L protein modeling

The 3D structure of GREB1L [1923 amino acids (aa) long] predicted by the highly accurate AlphaFold method was retrieved as a PDB file from the AlphaFold protein structure database and used as a template for the modeling of the mutant [GREB1L: c.3041G > A: p.(Gly1014Glu)] structure using SwissModel. Since the downstream structure refinement by GalaxyWeb [26] required the structure to be ≤ 1000aa, the protein was truncated by removing 600aa from the N-terminal and 369aa from the C-terminal to retain a 954aa sequence that contained the mutant site. The truncation was further deemed to be desirable since there were no apparent interactions between the variant site and distant residues in the wildtype AlphaFold-predicted structure. In addition, the wildtype glycine residue (G1014) resides within a region in the protein that was predicted with high confidence by AlphaFold. The refined mutant truncated structure and the full-length wildtype structure were then analyzed using PyMol [27]. The truncated wildtype and mutant proteins were further analyzed on PROTTER [28] and PSIPRED v4.0 programs [29] to determine the location and predictive effect of the variant on secondary structure formation.

Expression of Greb1l in mouse inner ear

To examined the expression of GREB1 in the mouse inner ear, we obtained and analyzed single cell RNA-seq data at different developmental stages from a publicly available database, gene Expression Analysis Resource (gEAR) suite [30]. The gEAR suite is a data deposition, display, analysis, and interrogation database which consist of expression data of different organisms such as mouse, human, rat, and zebrafish [30].

Results

Clinical evaluation

No known syndrome was identified in the proband when examined by a medical geneticist. At the time of sample collection, the affected participant did not have any clinical signs of renal/kidney dysfunction and no abnormal urine analysis parameter was observed. The affected individual (III:8, Fig. 1) presented with profound bilateral, symmetrical sensorineural NSHI while the unaffected family members had normal hearing (Fig. 1b). We were unable to perform any imaging to assess inner ear malformations which may lay at the basis of the NSHI in the proband.

GREB1L: c.3041G > A: p.(Gly1014Glu) identified through exome sequencing

Whole exome sequence data was generated from gDNA samples from one affected (III:8) family member. The analysis of the exome data identified a mono-allelic GREB1L variant (NM_ 001142966.2: c.3041G > A) in the affected individual (Table 1). The variant was predicted as variant of uncertain significance with some pathogenic evidence based on the ACMG guidelines [31] and Varsome [32], and it was predicted to be pathogenic by different bioinformatic predictive tools including SIFT, PolyPhen, and FATHMM (Additional file 1: Table S1). In addition, the variant is absent from the Deafness Variation Database (DVD), gnomAD and TopMed databases and its position is conserved amongst species (phyloP100way = 5.3). Family members with normal hearing were homozygote wildtype (G/G) (Fig. 1a). The identified missense c.3041G > A variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing (Fig. 1c). No relevant CNVs were identified.

Table 1 GREB1L variants associated with HI
Full size table

In silico GREB1L protein analysis

Protein sequence alignment was conducted to study the evolutionary conservation of amino acid position 1014 of the GREB1L protein (Fig. 1d). The position 1014 was found in the intracellular domain of the protein (Fig. 2a), and glycine (G) was conserved at this position for all the species studied except for Xenopus tropicallis and Takifugu rubripes (Fig. 1d) which are evolutionarily distant from mammals. It is however worth mentioning that the amino acid at this position was conserved in the mammalian species studied, suggesting its importance to the structure of GREB1L protein. The change from a neutral amino acid, glycine, to a negatively charged glutamate (E) at this position likely affected the protein structure and function. Analysis of the protein models showed that there was an excellent superimposition between the full-length wildtype structure and the mutant structure (Fig. 2b). Comparison of the superimposed structures revealed several secondary structural changes among the wildtype and mutant structures including: the gain of a short helix in the mutant structure in a region that formed a loop in the wildtype structure between residues serine-1469 and glycine-1474 (i.e., 1469SSMLG1474) (Fig. 2c), a shortening of a helix around residues leucine − 1559 and tyrosine-1560 (i.e., 1559KY1560) and a shortening of a beta strand between residues leucine-1544 and valine-1549 (i.e., 1544LHLLVV1549) in the mutant (Fig. 2d), the extension of a helix between residues aspartate-1093 and glycine-1096 (i.e., 1093DLSG1096) and between threonine-923 and threonine-924 (i.e., 923TT924) in the mutant (Fig. 2e and f). PSIPRED, a bioinformatic tool, also predicted that the E1014 residue in the mutant forms a helix which is absent in the wildtype (blue rectangles in Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Other major secondary structural changes were found when the wildtype was compared to the mutant (red rectangles in Additional file 1: Fig. S1).

Fig. 2
figure 2

In silico GREB1L protein analysis showing structural variations between the modelled wildtype and mutant proteins. A Cellular organization of GREB1L as predicted using PROTTER [28], an online bioinformatic tool. Homology modelling represented in B Superimposition of full-length wildtype and truncated mutant GREB1L structures. C Formation of helix at 1469SSMLG1473 in the mutant. D shortening of helix at 1559KY1560 and beta strand at 1544LHLLVV1549 in the mutant. E and F Extension of helices at 1093DLSG1096 and 923TT924 in the mutant. Yellow circles denote sites of different secondary structural changes of the mutant compared to the wildtype structures. Hydrogen-bond formation of G wildtype and H mutant residues with nearby residues. H-bond between K1010 and R1013 residues is lost in the mutant, and the H-bond lengths are shortened in the mutant compared to the wildtype

Full size image

The wildtype G1014 residue is predicted by AlphaFold to form two hydrogen (H-) bonds with lysine-1010 (K1010) and serine-1011 (S1011), while K1010 forms another H-bond with arginine-1013 (R1013) (Fig. 2g). Interestingly, although the H-bonds formed with the K1010 and S1011 residues are retained in the mutant structure, the H-bond bond between the K1010 and R1013 residues is lost (Fig. 2h). In addition, the H-bonds formed by the mutant E1014 residue appear to be shorter (hence stronger) than those formed by the wildtype residue. Therefore, it is probable that the mutant residue imposes a change in the geometry of nearby residues, particularly the Arginine residue. Indeed, the mutant E1014 residue is larger than the wildtype G1014 residue in addition to being polar charged.

Expression of Greb1l in mouse inner ear

Our study further explored single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data from gEAR to study Greb1l expression in the developing inner ear [30], as scRNA-seq data had not been interrogated in previous studies. The scRNA-seq data covered expression of Greb1l in spiral, glia, and hair cells obtained at six developmental stages (E15.5, P1, P8, P12, P14, and P30). Greb1l expression was the most prominent in the developing spiral ganglion, where it was upregulated at the E15.5 developmental stage decreased over the developmental stages (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). In the glia and hair cells, it was up regulated at P8 and P12 developmental stages respectively (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). The Greb1l expression data supports its critical role in the development and functioning of the inner ear and cochlear nerve.

Discussion

Using WES, we identified a previously unreported variant in GREB1L [c.3041G > A: p.(Gly1014Glu)], associated with the NSHI phenotype in an individual of African ancestry from Ghana, and a wider investigation in other African countries and diaspora is needed. This finding presents the first report of a GREB1L variant association with HI from sub-Saharan Africa. The identified heterozygous missense p.(Gly1014Glu) variant was predicted as a possible loss of function mutation that suggests haploinsufficiency as the pathological basis for the associated phenotype, and this is consistent with earlier GREB1L reports [11, 33].

Variants in GREB1L were associated with HI in individuals from the US, Egyptian, Korean, and Pakistani populations [11, 14, 15]. Two de novo GREB1L pathogenic variants; p.(Glu1410fs) and p.(Arg328*) were associated with profound HI, cochlear aplasia, incomplete partition type I (IP-I) and cochleovestibular nerve malformations [11]. An inherited missense variant; p.(Asn283Ser) was found to segregate with HI in a Pakistani family with 3 members having profound bilateral NSHI [14]. Similarly, a missense variant [p.(Thr116Ile)] in the gene was reported in NSHI with bilateral cochlear aplasia and cochlear nerve aplasia in Egyptian family [14]. Recently, three additional Korean cases with severe inner ear malformations were reported with rare heterozygous GREB1L variants [p.(Arg328*), p.(Leu360*), p.(Leu1873Pro)] [15] (Table 1). Most of the GREB1L variants associated with HI (6/7) were in the intracellular domain of the protein and only one variant was found in the extracellular domain. The extracellular domain variant [p.(Leu1873Pro)] was associated with a less severe inner ear malformation (Table 1; Additional file 1: Fig. S3). The increased severity of inner ear malformations observed in patients with intracellular domain variants may be due to the reduction or disruption of the protein’s gene regulatory activity which is associated with this domain [34].

GREB1L (OMIM: 617,782) is located on 18q11.1-q11.2 of the human genome and has been implicated in Autosomal Dominant deafness and renal hypodysplasia/aplasia. Although the precise function of GREB1L remains uncertain, its involvement in the neural crest suggests its associated disorders are neurocristopathies [35]. GREB1L was predicted to be involved in retinoic acid signaling based on its similarity with GREB1 [12]. The molecular mechanism of HI pathogenesis of GREB1L remains unclear, however, Greb1L knockout mice were reported to develop severe craniofacial abnormalities and RNA-Seq data from laser capture micro-dissected (LCM) mouse tissues during craniofacial development shows that Greb1l was preferentially expressed at the early stages of mouse development [11, 36]. In zebrafish, greb1l has been implicated in Hoxb1 and Shha signaling, with critical role in pathways in the inner ear and cranial nerve development [33, 37, 38]. Inner ear imaging examination for the proband would have been relevant for the comprehensive description of the associated phenotype however, it was not conducted due to major challenges faced at the time of participant recruitment and sample collection. Yet, we believe it is important to report these cases in the African population, even though we are typically more limited in clinical phenotyping in these populations.

Similar to the gene’s involvement in multiple tissues development as seen in mice studies [39], pleiotropic effects are seen in humans. Several studies associated variants in GREB1L to congenital kidney malformations/agenesis [39,40,41], urogenital adysplasia, and Mayer-Rokitansky‐Kuster‐Hauser syndrome [13, 42] suggesting its role in the functioning of the urogenital systems. However, at the time of sample collection, the proband did not show any sign/symptoms of urogenital disorders. Furthermore, urine analysis showed no signs of kidney/urinary tract disorders in the proband.

Previous studies have shown that GREB1L pathogenic variants exhibits a maternal bias inheritance which may be explained by imprinting or low male fertility due to GREB1L variants [14, 39]. The mother of the index case was unaffected which does not favor the maternal bias observation from the previous reports. The variant p.(Gly1014Glu) identified in this study may be a de novo variant since it was absent in the unaffected mother and brother. Biological samples were not obtained from the deceased father of the affected child and hence his genotype is unknown. Nonetheless, the low rate of paternal inheritance of GREB1L variants [39, 40] and absence from gnomAD/TopMed supports our claim of the GREB1L: p.(Gly1014Glu) as a likely de novo variant.

Conclusion

Using exome sequencing, we identified a variant in GREB1L [p.(Gly1014Glu)] as the possibly associated genetic cause of HI in a Ghanaian individual with profound HI. In silico techniques predicted the novel missense substitution as the likely cause of pathogenicity which led to the observed HI phenotype. This was evident in major structural difference observed between the wildtype and mutant GREB1L modelled protein, which is likely to affect the protein function. GREB1L variants should be investigated in other African populations and its inclusion in hearing panels should be considered.

Availability of data and materials

GREB1L: p.(Gly1014Glu) Sanger sequence generated from the proband was submitted to GenBank with the accession code ON390796. Data on GREB1L: p.(Gly1014Glu) variant has been added to dbSNP and will be publicly available when the next dbSNP Build (B156) is released (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/). All other relevant data supporting the key findings of this study are available within the article and its Supplementary Material. Due to lack of ethical approval, individual-level whole-exome sequence data cannot be made publicly available; however, it can be obtained from the corresponding author [A.W.] upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

HI:

Hearing impairment

GREB1L:

GREB1-like retinoic acid receptor coactivator

PLP:

Pathogenic or likely pathogenic

CADD:

Combined annotation dependent depletion

NSHI:

Non-syndromic hearing impairment

MRKH:

Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser

WES:

Whole exome sequencing

SNV:

Single-nucleotide variant

AD:

Autosomal dominant

GERP +  + :

Genomic evolutionary rate profiling

DANN:

Deleterious annotation of genetic variants using neural networks

HHL:

Hereditary hearing loss homepage

OMIM:

Online mendelian inheritance in man

HPO:

Human phenotype ontology

ACMG-AMP:

American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and Association for Molecular Pathology

GEO:

Gene expression omnibus

SHIELD:

Shared harvard inner-ear laboratory database

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Acknowledgements

We are extremely grateful to all participants who gave their consent and samples for the accomplishment of the objectives of this project.

Funding

This work was supported with funds received from the U.K. government; the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA, grant numbers U01-HG‐009716 to A.W, R01 DC003594 to S. M. L. and R01 DC016593 to S. M. L., and R01 DC019908 to I.S.; and the African Academy of Science/Wellcome Trust, grant number H3A/18/001 to A.W. The funders had no influence in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Author notes

  1. Samuel Mawuli Adadey and Elvis Twumasi Aboagye have equally contributed to this manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, LG 54, Accra, Ghana

    Samuel Mawuli Adadey, Elvis Twumasi Aboagye, Lucas Amenga-Etego & Gordon A. Awandare

  2. Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa

    Samuel Mawuli Adadey, Elvis Twumasi Aboagye, Kevin Esoh & Ambroise Wonkam

  3. Department of Neurology, Center for Statistical Genetics, Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA

    Anushree Acharya, Thashi Bharadwaj, Nicole S. Lin, Isabelle Schrauwen & Suzanne M. Leal

  4. Taub Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, 10032, USA

    Suzanne M. Leal

  5. Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Ambroise Wonkam

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  1. Samuel Mawuli Adadey
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Contributions

Conception of the project: AW, SML, IS, GAA; participant recruitment and molecular experiments: SMA and ETA; bioinformatics analysis: AA, TB, NSL, IS, KE, LA; in silico analysis of the pathogenicity of variants: SMA, ETA, IS, KE; protein modeling: KE, SMA; writing of the first draft of the manuscript: ETA, SMA; review and editing: all authors; supervision of the whole project: SML, LA, GAA, IS and AW. All authors have agreed to the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ambroise Wonkam.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki for participant’s well-being and safety. We obtained ethical clearance from the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Institutional Review Board (IRB), University of Ghana (NMIMR-IRB CPN 006/16–17), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Ethics Committee for Basic and Applied Sciences (ECBAS 053/19-20), University of Ghana, and Faculty of Health Sciences Human Research Ethics Committee, University of Cape Town (HREC 104/2018). The study was explained to all participants in their preferred language and a written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to their enrolment on the project.

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Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Supplementary Information

Additional file 1: Fig. S1.

Secondary structure prediction of GREB1L protein. The effect of the variant on secondary structure formation was examined using PSIPRED [1], a bioinformatic tool. Predicted secondary structures for the (A) wildtype and (B) mutant proteins. Blue rectangles were used to indicate the absence and presence of a helix at the mutation site of the wildtype and mutant proteins respectively. Red rectangles were used to highlight the sites where differences were observed in the structures of the wildtype compared to the mutant. Fig. S2. Single cell RNA expression of Greb1l at different developmental stages in the mouse inner ear. The spiral ganglion (SGD), glia, and hair cell (HC) RNA-seq data sets were retrieved from gEAR [2]. Fig. S3. A diagram mapping GREB1L variants to their associated protein domains. Table S1. In silico prediction of clinical significance/pathogenicity

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Adadey, S.M., Aboagye, E.T., Esoh, K. et al. A novel autosomal dominant GREB1L variant associated with non-syndromic hearing impairment in Ghana. BMC Med Genomics 15, 237 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-022-01391-w

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Keywords

BMC Medical Genomics

ISSN: 1755-8794

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